The interplay of classes of algorithmically random objects

We study algorithmically random closed subsets of $2^\omega$, algorithmically random continuous functions from $2^\omega$ to $2^\omega$, and algorithmically random Borel probability measures on $2^\omega$, especially the interplay between these three classes of objects. Our main tools are preservation of randomness and its converse, the no randomness ex nihilo principle, which say together that given an almost-everywhere defined computable map between an effectively compact probability space and an effective Polish space, a real is Martin-L\"of random for the pushforward measure if and only if its preimage is random with respect to the measure on the domain. These tools allow us to prove new facts, some of which answer previously open questions, and reprove some known results more simply. Our main results are the following. First we answer an open question of Barmapalias, Brodhead, Cenzer, Remmel, and Weber by showing that $\mathcal{X}\subseteq2^\omega$ is a random closed set if and only if it is the set of zeros of a random continuous function on $2^\omega$. As a corollary we obtain the result that the collection of random continuous functions on $2^\omega$ is not closed under composition. Next, we construct a computable measure $Q$ on the space of measures on $2^\omega$ such that $\mathcal{X}\subseteq2^\omega$ is a random closed set if and only if $\mathcal{X}$ is the support of a $Q$-random measure. We also establish a correspondence between random closed sets and the random measures studied by Culver in previous work. Lastly, we study the ranges of random continuous functions, showing that the Lebesgue measure of the range of a random continuous function is always contained in $(0,1)$

When is capital enough to get female microenterprises growing? Evidence from a randomized experiment in Ghana

Standard models of investment predict that credit-constrained firms should grow rapidly when given additional capital, and that how this capital is provided should not effect decisions to invest in the business or consume the capital. We randomly gave cash and in-kind grants to male- and female-owned microenterprises in urban Ghana. Our findings cast doubt on the ability of capital alone to stimulate the growth of female microenterprises. First, while the average treatment effects of the in-kind grants are large and positive for both males and females, the gain in profits is almost zero for women with initial profits below the median, suggesting that capital alone is not enough to grow subsistence enterprises owned by women. Second, for women we strongly reject equality of the cash and in-kind grants; only in-kind grants lead to growth in business profits. The results for men also suggest a lower impact of cash, but differences between cash and in-kind grants are less robust. The difference in the effects of cash and in-kind grants is associated more with a lack of self-control than with external pressure. As a result, the manner in which funding is provided affects microenterprise growth

Age and origin of enigmatic megaherbs from the subantarctic islands

Biogeographic relationships in the southern hemisphere have puzzled biologists for the last two centuries. Once joined to form the supercontinent Gondwana, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand and South America are widely separated by the Pacific and Indian oceans. Sir Joseph Hooker was the first to suggest that Antarctica served as a corridor for plant migration not unlike the land-bridges in the northern hemisphere. While the Antarctic flora was largely erased by glaciation during the Pleistocene, at least some of these Antarctic plant communities found refuge on the subantarctic islands. Here we provide support for the hypothesis that giant herbs persisted in the subantactic islands prior to the onset of Pleistocene glaciation, then dispersed northward in response to glacial advance. Our findings provide further evidence that Antarctica has played a pivotal role in shaping southern hemisphere biogeography

When is capital enough to get female microenterprises growing? Evidence from a randomized experiment in Ghana

Standard models of investment predict that credit-constrained firmd should grow rapidly when given additional capital, and that how this capital is provided should not affect decisions to invest in the business or consume the capital. We randomly gave cash and in-kind grants to male- and female- owned microenterprises in urban Ghana. Our findings cast doubt on the ability of caoital alone to stimulate the growth of female microenterprises. First, while the average treatment effects of the in-kind grants are large and positive for both males and females, the gain in profits is almost zerp fpr women with itital profits below the median, suggesting that capital alone is not enough to grow subsistence enterprises owned by women. Second, for women we strongly reject equality of the case and in-kind grants; only in-kind grants lead to growth in business profits. The results for men also suggest a lower impact of cash, but differences between cash and in-kind grants is assoicated more with a lack of self-control than with external pressure. As a result, the manner in which funding is provided affects microenterprise growth.microenterprises; ghana; Conditionality; Asset intergration

Ecotourism in vacationland: shoreline development and economic inclusion on the Southern Maine coastline

The tourist economy in Maine, while profitable, has been a catalyst for the removal of local communities on the coast through the privatization of ecosystem services. Inclusive master planning that reconnects Maine’s coastline to its upland areas in the southern beach region will restore a lost local and working class identity. This proposal enables year-round and flexible programming and stewardship of the natural environment, and challenges the current model of commodification of a landscape and its people. Furthermore, celebration of the right of way to ecological systems and development of supporting markets for both the working and playing communities of the vacation landscape benefits the modernization of the Maine identity and diversification of its labor force. Maine’s economy in the past relied heavily on timber harvest and manufacturing for paper, an industry that existed within the Arcadian image. In the late-1970’s Maine pivoted toward a tourism, hospitality and real estate centric system.;An 11.5 billion dollar industry that operates only six months out of the year. As a result Maine density has moved to an aging and unaffordable southern coastlines with relatively little economic activity generated in the center or northern areas of the state. Out-of-state ownership has led to part-time communities and the polarization of the working and leisure populations. Southern Coastal towns like York, Kennebunk, and Ogunquit are unable to execute comprehensive master planning that seeks to stabilize yearround communities in the face of annual winter abandonment. The beach community of Wells is one such center for tourism where coexistence between the two communities’ use of the surrounding natural and built environments would create a model of holism in a seasonal city typology. Tertiary strategies that work in tandem with architectural intervention to unbind the privatization of public resources are coastal devaluation models, creation of conservation easements, and mixed use zoning. Additionally, coastal categorization as vulnerable to climate change and past developmental negligence limit the use of a landscape and should be challenged by building more responsibility and with appropriate materiality. The architect’s role in the seasonal city is to facilitate the relationship between the people who use the built environment and instances of shared experience to nature for all. The institution of perpendicular community programming repairs the delamination of the Maine coastline and restoration of agency on the shore for both the tourists and the working class

Depositional history and diagenesis of the Sherwood and Bluell Beds (Mississippian) southwestern Renville County, North Dakota

The Sherwood bed and the overlying Bluel! bed are two log-defined zones at the top of the Frobisher-Alida interval. The Frobisher-Alida interval, within either the Mission Canyon carbonates or the overlying Charles evap orites, is composed of a number (up to six) of log-defined zones. On the northeast flank of the Williston Basin the zones are separated by even, lithologically homogeneous argillaceous marker beds. Basinward, these marker beds terminate into less argillaceous carbonates. The area studied covered four townships in southwest Renville·county, North Dakota. The section studied included the K-1 marker, the Sherwood bed (with the Sherwood argillaceous marker), and the Bluell bed (with the State A marker). About 290 m (940 ft) of core and 225 thin sections from 19 boreholes were examined. Depths varied from 1540 m (5000 ft) to 1840 m (6000 ft). Rocks were categorized into six lithotypes: 1 pisoid-ooid-intra clast wackestone to packstone; 2) mudstone to stromatolite boundstone; 3) massive anhydrite; 4) argillaceous silty dolomudstone; 5) ooid grainstone; and 6) sandy carbonates. Lithofacies within individual zones form bands paral to regional strike. Deposition occurred on an arid, peritidal carbonate buildup bordered by a warm, restricted, shallow-basin sea to the southwest and a shallow, evapo rite-precipitating lagoon to the northeast. The argil laceous markers were probably deposited during a slight, basin-wide sea-level drop that drained most of the hyper saline lagoon and exposed a wide, flat, sabkha plain. Deposition or erosion of marker beds was controlled by groundwater capillary-fringe entrapment and deflation of higher areas. Marker-bed deposition terminated at the sea edge in intertidal or subtidal ooid shoals. Some evidence remains of drowned quartz and detrital-anhydrite sand bodies. Because progradation of the continental -type eolian sabkha was very rapid, the marker beds in the study area are considered quasi-litbochronozones. Eogenetic diagenesis included cementation (calcite, anhydrite, and celestite), dissolution, micritization, and compaction. Matrix-selective pores were opened by early dissolution and are the predominant pore type in the study area. Mesogenetic diagenesis included cementation (calcite, dolomite, and anhydrite), minor amounts of silicification, high amplitude stylolitization, fracturing, and oil migra tion. The development of most local structures in the study area was subsequent to the Mississippian-Triassic uncon formity. Precipitation of diagenetic anhydrite was a major cause of pore occlusion in much of the study area and is related, in part, to structural features

An examination of the relations between human attachment, pet attachment, depression, and anxiety

The roles of pets in families and their positive impact on mood have been reported by some studies (Becker, 1999; Garrity, Stallones, Marx, & Johnson, 1989). Additionally, some research has found that the more attached humans are to their pets, the more they feel emotionally supported (Stammbach & Turner, 1999) and the greater the decrease in depressive symptoms (Garrity et al., 1989). In the United States approximately 57.9% of all households own a pet. Thus, more homes have a pet than do not (American Veterinary Medical Association, 1992). Given the size of the American pet population, many people have exposure to pets\u27 potentially positive impact on mood. This study had multiple purposes as it sought to examine pet attachment and demographic variables, explore the pet attachment-human attachment connection, investigate human attachment as it related to anxiety and depression, and to investigate the relation of pet attachment to anxiety and depression.;The findings from this study indicate that pet attachment is significantly different based upon the type of pet, role of the pet, amount of money participants paid for the pet, where the pet is housed, sex of the owner, and income of the owner. This study also found that attachment anxiety was significantly different based on participants\u27 marital status, and attachment avoidance was significantly different based upon income. The findings also indicate that the constructs of attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, anxiety, and depression do positively correlate with one another in most cases. Additionally, results indicate that in this study the pet attachment construct is not significantly correlated with attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, anxiety, or depression