55 research outputs found

    Polish Households' Behavior in the Regular and Informal Economies

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    The paper analyzes characteristics of the informal economy in Poland in the context of transition using a specific survey carried out in the frame of the classic Labor Force Survey 1995 by the Polish National Statistical office (GUS). The participation probabilities of three types of informal activities (working, buying and hiring) are discussed. Their interdependencies are discussed the hypothesis of the network or neighborhood effects. The impact of the household's participation on informal markets on its regular consumption is estimated by imputing the informal activity probabilities to the consumption surveys and panel. Then, the specific consumption profiles of participants in the informal market can be identified. This participation does influence significantly more than half of the household's expenditure groups. Moreover, the participants of the informal economy distinguish themselves by the higher individual full prices (integrating non monetary constraints and resources).Informal economy participation, Consumer behavior, Cross-section-panel estimation

    Polish Households' behavior in the Regular and Informal Economies

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    This paper analyzes characteristics of the informal economy in Poland in the context of transition, using a specific survey carried out in the framework of the classic Labour Force Survey, conducted by the Polish National Statistical office (GUS), in 1995. The participation probabilities of three types of informal activities (working, buying and hiring) are discussed. Their interdependencies are analyzed in the light of the hypothesis of network or neighborhood effects. The impact of a household's participation in informal markets on its regular consumption is estimated by imputing the probability of its informal activity in the consumption surveys and panels. Such participation does significantly influence more than half of household's expenditure on goods and services. Moreover, the participants of the informal economy distinguish themselves by higher individual full prices (integrating both monetary and non-monetary constraints and resources).Informal economy ; consumer behavior ; cross-section-panel estimation

    The World According to GARP* : Non-parametric Tests of Demand Theory and Rational Behavior

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    The purpose of this paper is twofold. We first point out that violation of rationality axioms (SARP, GARP, WARP) do not necessarily lead to a non-rational behavior. Second, our tests of axioms SARP, GARP and WARP over a Polish panel data (1987-90) show that over the 3630 households only 240 violate the three axioms. However these 240 violations are not caused by the non-respect of demand theory axioms but by the changing of preferences over the period. A logistic regression confirms the robustness of the test since the more the real expenditure increases in absolute value, the more the probability of violating the axioms increases (the respect of the axioms by the 3390 households is not due to an increase of the real expenditure). Moreover, changing in the composition of the family structure increases the probability of being inconsistent. It seems therefore that the 240 apparent violations are due to the appearance of new constraints, which increase the shadow prices of the goods. In order to explain these 240 households' preference changes, we build an econometric model of prices including an observed monetary component and an unobserved non-monetary component expressing the constraints faced by the agent. The estimation of this econometric model shows that the agents who apparently violate the axioms have these complete price changes superior to those of the agents who respect the axioms. Thus the agents who apparently violate the axioms faced during the period a change of their non-monetary resources and the appearance of new constraints.Rationality, GARP, Non-parametric tests, Shadow prices.

    GARP violation, Economic Environment Distortions and Shadow Prices : Evidence from Household Expenditure Panel Data

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    This paper contributes to the discussion of the compatibility of consumers' behavior in "real" life with GARP. Within expenditure panel data we observe a relatively low rate of violation (240 out of 3630 households). We show that these violations do not imply an "irrational" behavior of the agents, but can be attributed to a change in the agents' choice conditions during a period of time, which includes a shift from a centrally planned towards a market oriented economy.GARP, shadow prices.

    L'impact redistributif des impĂŽts indirects en France

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    Accessible en ligne : http://economiepublique.revues.org/document301.html.International audienceThe importance and redistributive effects of indirect taxation in France are measured using an original data basis derived from Household Budget Survey 2001. The detailed disaggregated information on the indirect tax rates was computed for each spending. The obtained medium tax rates for the total indirect taxation and all its components show the global anti-redistributive effects leading to a large increase in inequalities (the Gini coefficient increases by 1.3 point). An econometric analysis of main determinants influencing amounts of paid taxes confirm the crucial role of income with an elasticity positive, and inferior to one (0.4). However, this income effect varies strongly with respect to the specific considered tax – tobacco tax income elasticity is close to zero and those for petrol around 0.3. The simulation of VAT rates evolution since 1976 (principal component of indirect taxes) is applied to the population and consumption structure of 2001. Reducing VAT tax rate over this period leads to a 1.5 point decrease in the tax rate for the whole population. However, the disparities in terms of tax rates between poor and rich households remain practically unchanged over the period.La structure, le poids et les effets redistributifs de la fiscalitĂ© indirecte en France sont mesurĂ©s en utilisant une nouvelle base de donnĂ©es construite Ă  partir de l'EnquĂȘte Budget de famille 2001 de l'Insee. Pour chaque poste de dĂ©pense, les montants des diffĂ©rentes composantes de la fiscalitĂ© indirecte ont Ă©tĂ© calculĂ©s grĂące notamment au traitement de l'information sur les quantitĂ©s consommĂ©es. Il est dĂšs lors possible d'obtenir des taux et des montants moyens d'imposition au titre des diffĂ©rentes taxes sur la consommation (TVA, TIPP, droits d'accises...). Les effets redistributifs de ces taxes varient sensiblement selon les caractĂ©ristiques des mĂ©nages, notamment leur revenu. L'effet globalement anti-redistributif de la fiscalitĂ© indirecte contribue Ă  augmenter de 1,3 point le coefficient de Gini. Une analyse Ă©conomĂ©trique du montant des taxes payĂ©es en fonction du revenu et des caractĂ©ristiques socio-dĂ©mographiques tĂ©moigne d'un effet prĂ©pondĂ©rant du revenu, avec une Ă©lasticitĂ© revenu de l'ensemble de la fiscalitĂ© indirecte positive, mais infĂ©rieure Ă  l'unitĂ© (0,4). Toutefois cet effet revenu varie sensiblement selon la nature de la taxe indirecte considĂ©rĂ©e. Ainsi, l'Ă©lasticitĂ© au revenu des taxes sur le tabac est proche de zĂ©ro, tandis que celle de la TIPP est d'environ 0,3. Une simulation des effets des rĂ©formes successives de la TVA observĂ©es depuis 1976 a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e Ă  la structure des mĂ©nages donnĂ©e par l'enquĂȘte Budget 2001. Elle met en Ă©vidence une diminution du taux de prĂ©lĂšvement de 1,5 point sur l'ensemble des mĂ©nages, mais sans effet sur les disparitĂ©s de taux d'effort entre les mĂ©nages aisĂ©s et modestes

    L'impact redistributif des impĂŽts indirects en France

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    La structure, le poids et les effets redistributifs de la fiscalitĂ© indirecte en France sont mesurĂ©s en utilisant une nouvelle base de donnĂ©es construite Ă  partir de l'EnquĂȘte Budget de famille 2001 de l'Insee. Pour chaque poste de dĂ©pense, les montants des diffĂ©rentes composantes de la fiscalitĂ© indirecte ont Ă©tĂ© calculĂ©s grĂące notamment au traitement de l'information sur les quantitĂ©s consommĂ©es. Il est dĂšs lors possible d'obtenir des taux et des montants moyens d'imposition au titre des diffĂ©rentes taxes sur la consommation (TVA, TIPP, droits d'accises...). Les effets redistributifs de ces taxes varient sensiblement selon les caractĂ©ristiques des mĂ©nages, notamment leur revenu. L'effet globalement anti-redistributif de la fiscalitĂ© indirecte contribue Ă  augmenter de 1,3 point le coefficient de Gini. Une analyse Ă©conomĂ©trique du montant des taxes payĂ©es en fonction du revenu et des caractĂ©ristiques socio-dĂ©mographiques tĂ©moigne d'un effet prĂ©pondĂ©rant du revenu, avec une Ă©lasticitĂ© revenu de l'ensemble de la fiscalitĂ© indirecte positive, mais infĂ©rieure Ă  l'unitĂ© (0,4). Toutefois cet effet revenu varie sensiblement selon la nature de la taxe indirecte considĂ©rĂ©e. Ainsi, l'Ă©lasticitĂ© au revenu des taxes sur le tabac est proche de zĂ©ro, tandis que celle de la TIPP est d'environ 0,3. Une simulation des effets des rĂ©formes successives de la TVA observĂ©es depuis 1976 a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e Ă  la structure des mĂ©nages donnĂ©e par l'enquĂȘte Budget 2001. Elle met en Ă©vidence une diminution du taux de prĂ©lĂšvement de 1,5 point sur l'ensemble des mĂ©nages, mais sans effet sur les disparitĂ©s de taux d'effort entre les mĂ©nages aisĂ©s et modestes.ImpĂŽts indirects, redistribution, taux d'imposition

    Les prestations sociales et l'offre de travail: Y a-t-il une trappe à inactivité?

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    Ce papier Ă©value la pertinence de l'argument qui suggĂšreque la gĂ©nĂ©rositĂ© de l'aide sociale en France pourrait engendrer une sorte de “trappe Ă  inactivitĂ©â€ (oĂč certains individus prĂ©fĂšrent rester hors du monde de travail, subsistant sur l'assistance fournie par la collectivitĂ©, plutĂŽt que d'essayer Ă  occuper un emploi salariĂ©) en s'appuyant sur des donnĂ©es reprĂ©sentatives de la population française. Notre stratĂ©gie consiste tout d'abord Ă  caractĂ©riser la population qui touche des aides sociales, notamment le Revenu Minimum d'Insertion (RMI), et de voir dans quelle maniĂšre elle diffĂšre de la population active. AprĂšs avoir Ă©tabli les raisons qui conduisent Ă  soupçonner l'existence d'une “trappe Ă  inactivitĂ©â€, nous mesurons la taille de la trappe Ă  inactivitĂ© en estimant un modĂšle de gains et un modĂšle d'emploi et en utilisant les dĂ©tails institutionnels du systĂšme d'aide sociale en France en 1996. Une fois caractĂ©risĂ© la distribution de cette mesure de la trappe en distinguant les allocataires du RMI en 1995 des autres, nous estimons un modĂšle d'offre de travail simple, dans lequel nous cherchons Ă  voir si notre mesure de la trappe Ă  inactivitĂ© entre de maniĂšre significative. Nous trouvons, malgrĂ© les apparences des statistiques descriptives dĂ©composĂ©es par activitĂ©, qu'il n'y a pas de rapport significatif entre le fait d'avoir aucun gain monĂ©taire espĂ©rĂ© Ă  ĂȘtre actif et la dĂ©cisionde se porter effectivement sur le marchĂ© du travail.trappe Ă  inactivitĂ©; RMI

    Panel and Pseudo-Panel Estimation of Cross-Sectional and Time Series Elasticities of Food Consumption: The Case of American and Polish Data

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    The problem addressed in this article is the bias to income and expenditure elasticities estimated on pseudo-panel data caused by measurement error and unobserved heterogeneity. We gauge empirically these biases by comparing cross-sectional, pseudo-panel and true panel data from both Polish and American expenditure surveys. Our results suggest that unobserved heterogeneity imparts a downward bias to cross-section estimates of income elasticities of at-home food expenditures and an upward bias to estimates of income elasticities of away-from-home food expenditures. "Within" and first-difference estimators suffer less bias, but only if the effects of measurement error are accounted for with instrumental variables.individual and grouped data; unobserved heterogeneity; AIDS model

    The World According to GARP* : Non-parametric Tests of Demand Theory and Rational Behavior

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    DeuxiÚme révision pour Annales d'economie et de StatistiqueThe purpose of this paper is twofold. We first point out that violation of rationality axioms (SARP, GARP, WARP) do not necessarily lead to a non-rational behavior. Second, our tests of axioms SARP, GARP and WARP over a Polish panel data (1987-90) show that over the 3630 households only 240 violate the three axioms. However these 240 violations are not caused by the non-respect of demand theory axioms but by the changing of preferences over the period. A logistic regression confirms the robustness of the test since the more the real expenditure increases in absolute value, the more the probability of violating the axioms increases (the respect of the axioms by the 3390 households is not due to an increase of the real expenditure). Moreover, changing in the composition of the family structure increases the probability of being inconsistent. It seems therefore that the 240 apparent violations are due to the appearance of new constraints, which increase the shadow prices of the goods. In order to explain these 240 households' preference changes, we build an econometric model of prices including an observed monetary component and an unobserved non-monetary component expressing the constraints faced by the agent. The estimation of this econometric model shows that the agents who apparently violate the axioms have these complete price changes superior to those of the agents who respect the axioms. Thus the agents who apparently violate the axioms faced during the period a change of their non-monetary resources and the appearance of new constraints.Dans cet article nous montrons d'abord que la violation des axiomes de rationalité des préférences revelées (SARP, GARP, WARP) ne correspond pas nécessairement à des comportements non rationnels. Nous testons ces axiomes sur les données individuelles de 3630 ménages du panel polonais (1987-1990) ; 240 ménages violent les trois axiomes, mais on montre que ces violations ne sont pas la conséquence d'une contradiction aux axiomes de la théorie de la demande mais sont entraßnés par la modification des préférences individuelles pendant cette période. Une analyse logistique montre que la probabilité de violation des axiomes augmente avec l'accroissement du revenu réel de ménage ce qui confirme la robustesse de ce test non-paramétrique de la rationalité. La probabilité de violation dépend également des modifications démographiques des ménages. On fait l'hypothÚse que ces violations apparentes sont dues à l'apparition des nouvelles contraintes de choix qui se traduisent par l'apparition des prix virtuels. L'estimation de ces prix virtuels se fait par la considération des biais d'endogénéité dans l'estimation en cross-section, c'est à dire par la comparaison des estimations en coupe et en dynamique. L'étude confirme que les ménages qui violent apparemment ces axiomes de rationalité subissent des variations de prix virtuels nettement supérieures aux non-violeurs. Ceci semble indiquer qu'ils subissent pendant cette période des modifications plus fortes de leurs ressources non-monétaires et de leurs contraintes de choix
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