Effects of Richness and Shading on plant physiological responses.

<p>Rhizome C % during Post-shading and Recovery and Shoot C:N ratio during Recovery were analyzed with a 2-way heterogeneous variance model. The degrees of freedom show ndf and ddf respectively, calculated from the Kenward-Roger method.</p

Estimated marginal means ± SE of sediment sulfide pools (acid volatile sulfide), plant physiological variables and sediment NH₄⁺ concentrations for the sampling events (<b>A</b>) Post-shading, and (<b>B</b>) Recovery.

<p>Results from the post-hoc test were derived from Generalized Linear Models (post hoc sequential Šidák) and 2-way heterogeneous variance models (post hoc Tukey-Kramer). Differing letters after values denote significant (p<0.05) differences.</p

Effects of shading on biomass production.

<p>The log ratio of the change in shoot biomass (relative values) during (A) Pre-shading, (B) Post-shading and (C) Recovery and in root biomass (relative values) during (D) Pre-shading, (E) Post-shading and (F) Recovery in shaded and non-shaded mono- and polycultures. To ascertain equal samples at each sampling event, Pre-shading treatments that had not received shading were labeled shaded (see Materials and Methods). Statistical analyses presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0064064#pone-0064064-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p

Effects of shading on plant tissue carbohydrate concentrations.

<p>Shoot sucrose concentrations during (A) Pre-shading, (B) Post-shading and (C) Recovery and root sucrose concentrations during (D) Pre-shading, (E) Post-shading and (F) Recovery of <i>Z. marina</i> grown in shaded and non-shaded mono- and polycultures. The differing letters above bars in (A) denote significant differences (p<0.05, sequential Šidák’s <i>post hoc</i> test). To ascertain equal samples at each sampling event, Pre-shading treatments that had not received shading were labeled shaded (see Materials and Methods).</p

Effects of Richness and Shading on plant biomass change and tissue carbohydrates.

<p>Generalized Linear Models were used to analyze biomass change and plant tissue sucrose concentrations among mono- and polycultures.</p

Figure 2

<p><b>Effects of shading on resistance and recovery of biomass production and plant tissue carbohydrate concentrations.</b> The stability properties resistance and recovery are calculated from the absolute values of (A) shoot biomass, (B) root biomass, (C) shoot sucrose and (D) root sucrose. Asterisks denote significant differences: * p≤0.05, ** p≤0.01, *** p≤0.001 between shaded mono- and polycultures.</p

Structural equation model on overall effects of shading and plant richness on <b><i>Zostera marina</i></b><b>.</b>

<p>The model fit was estimated through bootstrapping (N = 80, Bollen-Stripe bootstrap p = 0.48). The numbers next to arrows denote standardized path coefficients and all shown pathways are significantly different from 0 (p<0.05 level). The thickness of an arrow describes the strength of a correlation. If not mentioned otherwise, all response variables describe shoot parameters. Error terms are not presented graphically.</p

Effects of Richness and Shading on tissue carbohydrates.

<p>Shoot sucrose during Pre- and Post-shading was analyzed with a 2-way heterogeneous variance model. The degrees of freedom show ndf and ddf respectively, calculated from the Kenward-Roger method.</p

Effects of Richness and Shading on sediment biogeochemical and plant physiological responses.

<p>The analyses were based on Generalized Linear Models on sediment sulfide pools (acid volatile sulfide), plant tissue sulfide isotopic signature, porewater ammonium (NH₄⁺), plant tissue nutrients and nutrient ratios among mono- and polycultures.</p

Pygospio_genotype_data

The 'Pygospio_genotype_data.txt' file contains microsatellite genotype data of 765 P. elegans individuals used in the study. There is 2 to 3 temporal samples collected from 7 different European collection sites