Le personnage lecteur et ses rapports au réel et a la fiction dans trois romans québécois contemporains

À ce jour, les jeux entre réalité et fiction, au coeur de la littérature contemporaine, ont été peu analysés par le prisme des personnages lecteurs. Une telle étude présente pourtant un intérêt certain : la confusion entre réalité et fiction est mise en scène de manière explicite lorsque vécue par des lecteurs fictifs, ceux-ci étant susceptibles de se laisser emporter par les mots et par l'imaginaire d'autrui. Ce mémoire propose donc d'étudier le brouillage entre réalité et fiction expérimenté par les personnages lecteurs de trois romans québécois contemporains, soit Bestiaire et La logeuse, tous deux d'Éric Dupont, et Grande plaine IV d'Alexandre Bourbaki. L'analyse vise à comprendre l'investissement des personnages dans la lecture, afin de saisir leurs rapports aux mondes réel et fictif. Elle permet aussi d'observer la façon dont ce phénomène se manifeste à travers l'intertextualité et les mises en abyme, qui constituent le cadre théorique du mémoire. Le premier chapitre étudie la façon dont les personnages utilisent les livres pour appréhender le monde qui les entoure et s'y tailler une place : les livres servent alors d'instruments de compréhension du monde. Dans le deuxième chapitre, la lecture devient une façon d'oublier ou de fuir le quotidien, tout en procurant au lecteur un plaisir unique. Il en résulte une forme de symbiose entre les livres et les lecteurs. Enfin, le dernier chapitre montre que les échanges constants entre réalité et fiction entraînent la remise en question de ce qui appartient à chacun de ces univers, tant chez le lecteur fictif que chez le lecteur réel

Spectrin functions upstream of ankyrin in a spectrin cytoskeleton assembly pathway

Prevailing models place spectrin downstream of ankyrin in a pathway of assembly and function in polarized cells. We used a transgene rescue strategy in Drosophila melanogaster to test contributions of four specific functional sites in β spectrin to its assembly and function. (1) Removal of the pleckstrin homology domain blocked polarized spectrin assembly in midgut epithelial cells and was usually lethal. (2) A point mutation in the tetramer formation site, modeled after a hereditary elliptocytosis mutation in human erythrocyte spectrin, had no detectable effect on function. (3) Replacement of repetitive segments 4–11 of β spectrin with repeats 2–9 of α spectrin abolished function but did not prevent polarized assembly. (4) Removal of the putative ankyrin-binding site had an unexpectedly mild phenotype with no detectable effect on spectrin targeting to the plasma membrane. The results suggest an alternate pathway in which spectrin directs ankyrin assembly and in which some important functions of spectrin are independent of ankyrin

The south green rice genome hub

We have developed the Rice Genome Hub (https://rice-genome-hub.southgreen.fr), an integrative genome information system that allows centralized access to genomics and genetics data, and analytical tools to facilitate translational and applied research in rice.Rice is the world's most consumed staple food, especially in Asia. It is also one of the most cultivated crop with maize and wheat. The Hub currently contains seven annotated genome sequences ofOryza sativa(Asian rice), and one ofOryza glaberrima(African rice).The hub is built using the the Content Management System Drupal with the Tripal module that interacts with the Chado database. We opted for GMOD components that are open source, modular, portable and benefiting from a large community support in which we have been involved. The Hub interface provides several functionalities (Blast, DotPlots, Gene Search, JBrowse, Primer Blaster, Primer Designer) to make it easy for querying, visualizing and downloading research data.We also plugged in-house tools developed by the South Green bioinformatics platform such as SNiPlay (detection and analyses of SNPs),Gigwa (filtering on genomic variations), daTALbase (exploration of data related to Xanthomonas TAL effectors), and DiffExDB (differential expression analysis)

The Drosophila Anion Exchanger (DAE) lacks a detectable interaction with the spectrin cytoskeleton

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Current models suggest that the spectrin cytoskeleton stabilizes interacting ion transport proteins at the plasma membrane. The human erythrocyte anion exchanger (AE1) was the first membrane transport protein found to be associated with the spectrin cytoskeleton. Here we evaluated a conserved anion exchanger from Drosophila (DAE) as a marker for studies of the downstream effects of spectrin cytoskeleton mutations.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Sequence comparisons established that DAE belongs to the SLC4A1-3 subfamily of anion exchangers that includes human AE1. Striking sequence conservation was observed in the C-terminal membrane transport domain and parts of the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, but not in the proposed ankyrin-binding site. Using an antibody raised against DAE and a recombinant transgene expressed in <it>Drosophila </it>S2 cells DAE was shown to be a 136 kd plasma membrane protein. A major site of expression was found in the stomach acid-secreting region of the larval midgut. DAE codistributed with an infolded subcompartment of the basal plasma membrane of interstitial cells. However, spectrin did not codistribute with DAE at this site or in anterior midgut cells that abundantly expressed both spectrin and DAE. Ubiquitous knockdown of DAE with dsRNA eliminated antibody staining and was lethal, indicating that DAE is an essential gene product in <it>Drosophila</it>.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Based on the lack of colocalization and the lack of sequence conservation at the ankyrin-binding site, it appears that the well-characterized interaction between AE1 and the spectrin cytoskeleton in erythrocytes is not conserved in <it>Drosophila</it>. The results establish a pattern in which most of the known interactions between the spectrin cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane in mammals do not appear to be conserved in <it>Drosophila</it>.</p

Rice Yellow Mottle Virus stress responsive genes from susceptible and tolerant rice genotypes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The effects of viral infection involve concomitant plant gene variations and cellular changes. A simple system is required to assess the complexity of host responses to viral infection. The genome of the Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) is a single-stranded RNA with a simple organisation. It is the most well-known monocotyledon virus model. Several studies on its biology, structure and phylogeography have provided a suitable background for further genetic studies. 12 rice chromosome sequences are now available and provide strong support for genomic studies, particularly physical mapping and gene identification.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The present data, obtained through the cDNA-AFLP technique, demonstrate differential responses to RYMV of two different rice cultivars, i.e. susceptible IR64 (<it>Oryza sativa indica</it>), and partially resistant Azucena (<it>O. s. japonica</it>). This RNA profiling provides a new original dataset that will enable us to gain greater insight into the RYMV/rice interaction and the specificity of the host response. Using the SIM4 subroutine, we took the intron/exon structure of the gene into account and mapped 281 RYMV stress responsive (RSR) transcripts on 12 rice chromosomes corresponding to 234 RSR genes. We also mapped previously identified deregulated proteins and genes involved in partial resistance and thus constructed the first global physical map of the RYMV/rice interaction. RSR transcripts on rice chromosomes 4 and 10 were found to be not randomly distributed. Seven genes were identified in the susceptible and partially resistant cultivars, and transcripts were colocalized for these seven genes in both cultivars. During virus infection, many concomitant plant gene expression changes may be associated with host changes caused by the infection process, general stress or defence responses. We noted that some genes (e.g. ABC transporters) were regulated throughout the kinetics of infection and differentiated susceptible and partially resistant hosts.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We enhanced the first RYMV/rice interaction map by combining information from the present study and previous studies on proteins and ESTs regulated during RYMV infection, thus providing a more comprehensive view on genes related to plant responses. This combined map provides a new tool for exploring molecular mechanisms underlying the RYMV/rice interaction.</p