Position Determination of a Robot End-Effector Using a 6D-Measurement System Based on the Two-View Vision

A mechatronic system based on the micro-macro-kinematic consists of an industrial robot and a piezoelectric stage mounted on the robot’s end-effector and has to carry out operations like micro-assembly or micro-milling. The piezoelectric stage has to compensate the positioning error of the robot. Therefore, the position of the robot’s end-effector has to be measured with high accuracy. This paper presents a high accuracy 6D-measurement system, which is used to determine the position and orientation of the robot’s end-effector. We start with the description of the operational concept and components of the measurement system. Then we look at image processing methods, camera calibration and reconstruction methods and choose the most accurate ones. We apply the well-known pin-hole camera model to calibrate single cameras. Then we apply the epipolar geometry to describe the relationship between two cameras and calibrate them as a stereo vision system. A distortion model is also applied to enhance the accuracy of the system. The measurement results are presented in the end of the paper

Digital image processing algorithms for automated inspection of dynamic effects in roller bearings

Unstable movement in roller bearings like cage or roller slip can lead to damages or eventually even to an early break of the bearing. To prevent slip, inadequate operating states should be avoided. Therefore, it is necessary to study the dynamic behavior of the bearing. Unfortunately, there is only a limited range of measurement methods for the dynamic of bearing components. Two possible approaches are using solely a high-speed camera or the combination of an optomechanical image derotator and a high-speed camera. This work focuses on a proposal which is suitable for both. Initially, the influence of the rotational velocity in the images is eliminated. In the next step the measurement data is reduced to a region of interest which displays a particular rolling-element. A rolling element is equipped with a linear marker which, in the next stage, is segmented by a thresholding method to multiple regions. The region representing the marker is extracted from the background and the position is calculated by a Principle Component Analysis. Depending on the shift of the angular position and the lag time between two images, the rotational velocity of the rolling element is calculated. Thus, it is possible to determine whether the rolling element is operating under ideal conditions. In conclusion, it can be said that this approach enables a simple and flexible non-invasive method to depict the occurrence of roller slip in roller bearings. © 2017 SPIE

Wavefront predictions for the automated assembly of optical systems

Industrial assembly of optical systems is still a tedious and cost-intensive task that is mostly dominated by manual labor. Positional fine-adjustment of optical components is pivotal to ensure a desired performance of the optical device at hand. In this paper, we use wavefront predictions to aim for fully automated assembly procedures. Wavefront measurements along with position identification methods can be utilized to continuously update a simulation model which in turn allows for predictions on future wavefront errors. This enables to take according correction measures during the assembly process if a certain wavefront tolerance specification is not met. In order to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach and methods, a beam expander is sequentially assembled. The setup consists of a laser, two bi-convex lenses, and a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor and has to satisfy a certain wavefront tolerance specification after its assembly. © 2018 SPIE

Predictive tolerance bands for the correction-less assembly of optical systems

When assembling optical systems, uncertainties of the positioning system and overall mounting tolerances lead to the deterioration of performance due to resulting misaligned optical components. In this paper, we present a novel methodology for the correction-less assembly of optical systems based on predictive tolerance bands. By running a simulation model in parallel to the assembly process, performance predictions can be made during the assembly that take into account the uncertainties of the positioning system. Typically, optical performance can be assessed by a variety of criteria. In this paper, we utilize the Marechal criterion based on the root mean square (RMS) error as it allows to verify if the optical system is defraction-limited. The extension with Monte Carlo methods enables the prediction of mean values and standard deviations for the chosen metric. This is done for the entire optical system yet to be assembled by integrating uncertainties of the positioning system within the simulation framework. Before assembly, a desired threshold (here the RMS value derived from the Marechal criterion) can be specified which is predicted and monitored throughout the assembly process. For verification, we analyze a two-lens system in simulation to demonstrate our proposed framework

Low-cost fabrication of optical waveguides, interconnects and sensing structures on all-polymer-based thin foils

Micro-optical sensors based on optical waveguides are widely used to measure temperature, force and strain but also to detect biological and chemical substances such as explosives or toxins. While optical micro-sensors based on silicon technology require complex and expensive process technologies, a new generation of sensors based completely on polymers offer advantages especially in terms of low-cost and fast production techniques. We have developed a process to integrate micro-optical components such as embedded waveguides and optical interconnects into polymer foils with a thickness well below one millimeter. To enable high throughput production, we employ hot embossing technology, which is capable of reel-to-reel fabrication with a surface roughness in the optical range. For the waveguide fabrication, we used the thermoplastic polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) as cladding and several optical adhesives as core materials. The waveguides are characterized with respect to refractive indices and propagation losses. We achieved propagation losses are as low as 0.3 dB/cm. Furthermore, we demonstrate coupling structures and their fabrication especially suited to integrate various light sources such as vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL) and organic light emitting diodes (OLED) into thin polymer foils. Also, we present a concept of an all-polymer and waveguide based deformation sensor based on intensity modulation, which can be fabricated by utilizing our process. For future application, we aim at a low-cost and high-throughput reel-to-reel production process enabling the fabrication of large sensor arrays or disposable single-use sensing structures, which will open optical sensing to a large variety of application fields ranging from medical diagnosis to automotive sensing. © 2016 SPIE.DFG/CRC/PlanO

A Planar low-cost full-polymer Optical Humidity Sensor

AbstractWe present an all-polymer optical humidity sensor, based on a 1mm plastic optical fiber (POF) with a U-bend, cladded with poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAA) in the sensing region. The cladding changes its scattering properties on absorption of environmental humidity, thus modulating the transmitted optical power through the sensor. We explain the working principle of the sensor and show experimental results regarding scattering behavior of the cladding material and sensitivity to sudden humidity changes. We also propose a planar layout suitable for application to a hot embossing or lamination process for large-scale fabrication

Lab-level and low-cost fabrication technique for polymer based micro-optical elements and holographic structures

Polymer based diffractive optical elements have gained increasing interest due to their potential to be used in various applications such as illumination technology, micro optics and holography. We present a novel production process to fabricate polymer based diffractive optical elements and holograms. The process is based on maskless lithography, which is used to fabricate optical elements in photoresist. We discuss several lab-made lithography setups based on digital mirror devices and liquid crystal devices with respect to light efficiency, resolution and contrast. The whole optical setup is designed with an emphasis on low-cost setups, which can be easily implemented in an optical research lab. In a subsequent step, a copy of the microstructures is easily replicated into optical polymeric materials by means of a soft stamp hot embossing process step. The soft stamp is made from Polydimethylsiloxan, which is coated onto the microstructure in resist. The hot embossing process is carried out by a self-made and low-cost hot embossing machine. We present confocal topography measurements to quantify the replication accuracy of the process and demonstrate diffractive optical elements and holographic structures, which were fabricated using the process presented. © COPYRIGHT SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.DFG/CRC/PlanOSGerman Federation of Industrial Research Associations (AiF)/EFB ZN 50

Manufacturing of embedded multimode waveguides by reactive lamination of cyclic olefin polymer and polymethylmethacrylate

We demonstrate the manufacturing of embedded multimode optical waveguides through linking of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) foils and cyclic olefin polymer (COP) filaments based on a lamination process. Since the two polymeric materials cannot be fused together through interdiffusion of polymer chains, we utilize a reactive lamination agent based on PMMA copolymers containing photoreactive 2-acryloyloxyanthraquinone units, which allows the creation of monolithic PMMA-COP substrates through C-H insertion reactions across the interface between the two materials. We elucidate the lamination process and evaluate the chemical link between filament and foils by carrying out extraction tests with a custom-built tensile testing machine. We also show attenuation measurements of the manufactured waveguides for different manufacturing parameters. The lamination process is in particular suited for large-scale and low-cost fabrication of board-level devices with optical waveguides or other micro-optical structures, e.g., optofluidic devices. © 2016 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).DFG/SFB/TRR 12