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    Development and Evaluation of Media Literacy Program on Health Products: A Case Study of Dietary Supplements in High School Students

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    āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­ āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ™āđ‰āļ™āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļąāļ˜āļĒāļĄāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ•āļ­āļ™āļ›āļĨāļēāļĒ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆ 1 āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŊ āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ•āļĢāļĒāļēāļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļ—āļ™āļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļĢāļđāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāđāļœāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļīāļˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰ 4 āđāļœāļ™āļāļīāļˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāļĨāļ‡āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāđāļŸāļĨāļŠÂŪ āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļīāļˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļąāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦāđŒāļĨāļ° 1 āļ„āļēāļšāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™ āļĢāļ§āļĄ 4 āļ„āļēāļšāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™ āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆ 2 āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļœāļĨāđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŊ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄ 37 āļ„āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡ 32 āļ„āļ™ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļąāļ˜āļĒāļĄ 5 āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™ āļ—āļģāđāļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŊ (āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡) āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ 1 āļŠāļąāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦāđŒ āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŊ āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļģāđāļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŊ (āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡) āļ­āļĩāļāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡ āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļī paired t-test āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āđƒāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ–āļ”āļ–āļ­āļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āđāļšāļšāļžāļŦāļļāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāđāļ›āļĢāđ€āļžāļĻ āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™ GPA āļŠāļ°āļŠāļĄāđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄ āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļ—āļąāļāļĐāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļˆāļēāļāļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļī (10.56 Âą 1.58 āđāļĨāļ° 8.06 Âą 1.52 āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™, āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš, P-value < 0.001) āđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļāļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļī (10.56 Âą 1.58 āđāļĨāļ° 6.54 Âą 2.39 āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™ āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš, P-value < 0.001) āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ•āđˆāļ­āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĄāļąāļ˜āļĒāļĄāļĄāļĩāļ—āļąāļāļĐāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŊ āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­, āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­, āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ, āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļąāļ˜āļĒāļĄāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ•āļ­āļ™āļ›āļĨāļēāļĒObjective: To develop and test a media literacy program on health products emphasizing dietary supplements in high school students. Methods: The 1st phase was the media literacy program development based on the concept of media literacy and educational trilogy. Learning activities plans were developed as guided by the information obtained from focus group of the teachers and students. Four learning plans were developed and placed on FlashÂŪ program. Learning was conducted with 4 weekly sessons. The 2nd phase evalued the efficiency of the program. A total of 37 and 32 5th grade high school students from 2 schools participated in the experimental and control groups, respectively. Students from both groups complete the test of media literacy before the program. One week later, students in the experimental group took the program. After the program completion, students in both groups complete the test. Data were analyzed using paired test for within-group comparisons, and multiple linear regression controlling for gender, cumulative GPA, and pre-test scores. Results: Mean score of media literacy of students in the experimental group after the program increased significantly from that before the program (10.56 Âą 1.58 and 8.06 Âą 1.52 points, respectively, P-value < 0.001); while scores in the control group did not. After the program, mean score of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (10.56 Âą 1.58 and 6.54 Âą 2.39 points, respectively, P-value < 0.001). Conclusion: Media literacy program on dietary supplements improved media lieracy scores for high school students when compared with  no program. Keywords: media literacy, media literacy program, dietary supplements, high school student

    āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļŠāļļāļ‚ The Telepharmacy Service Model and Supportive Components of Telepharmacy Service in Hospitals under the Ministry of Public Health

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    āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļŠāļļāļ‚ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļžāļĢāļĢāļ“āļ™āļēāđāļšāļšāļ āļēāļ„āļ•āļąāļ”āļ‚āļ§āļēāļ‡ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļāļĢ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļŠāļļāļ‚ āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđāļšāļšāđ‚āļ„āļ§āļ•āļēāļ•āļēāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 15 āļĄāļāļĢāļēāļ„āļĄ - 15 āļāļļāļĄāļ āļēāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒ āļž.āļĻ. 2566 āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļĢāļĐāļ“āļĩāļĒāđŒ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ–āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļāļĨ āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļāļĨ āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļžāļĢāļĢāļ“āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļĄāļĩāđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē 421 āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡ āļĄāļĩāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļāļĨ 165 āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡ (39.19%) āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ” (28 āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡, 80.00%) āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĨāļ‡āļĄāļē āļ„āļ·āļ­ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ›āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āđƒāļŦāļāđˆ (18 āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡, 72.00%) āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļšāļĄāļēāļ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļāļĨāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļāļĨ (52.12%) āļ•āļēāļĄāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļāļĨ (39.39%) āļžāļšāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ•āļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ­āļš 6 Building Blocks āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢ (91.52%) āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒ (āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 70%) āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđāļ™āļ§āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™ (56.97%) āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļāļĨ āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļāļĨāđƒāļ™āļšāļēāļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļĢāļ°āļ„āđˆāļēāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄ āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 50% āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļąāļ™āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ 59.39% āļĄāļĩāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĨāļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļāļĨ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡ 13.16% āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āđˆāļēāļĒāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ” āļ„āļ·āļ­ āđāļ­āļ›āļžāļĨāļīāđ€āļ„āļŠāļąāļ™ Line 79.39% āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļāļĨāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļšāļĢāļīāļšāļ—āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāļēāļāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒ āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļŠāļĢāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļāļĨ; āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļāļĨ; āļāļĢāļ­āļšāđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ” 6 āđ€āļŠāļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž Abstract Objective: To study telepharmacy service models and supportive components for telepharmacy service in hospitals under the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH). Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to collect data among hospitals under the MOPH using the quota sampling method to select the respondents. A postal questionnaire was used to collect data between January 15 - February 15, 2023. The questionnaire included general hospital information, supportive components for telepharmacy service, and telepharmacy operation. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 421 hospitals completed the questionnaire. Telepharmacy was provided in 165 hospitals, or 39.19%. Specialized hospitals provided the services the most in 28 locations (80.00%), followed by large general hospitals in 18 locations (72.00%). The most common service model was telemedicine in conjunction with telepharmacy (52.12%), followed by medical services at the hospital in conjunction with telepharmacy (39.39%). Community hospitals provided an additional service, i.e., a collaborative service between hospitals and sub-district health-promoting hospitals. For supportive components from hospital directors based on WHO 6 building blocks, 91.52% had executive supports, more than 70% had established policy, and 56.97% had established protocol. Additional fee for the service was found in some hospitals. More than 50% of patients were under the Civil Servant Medical Benefit and Social Security schemes. 59.39% of hospitals had database systems covering telepharmacy services where only 13.16% could transfer data in the networks. LINE application was the most used channel (79.39%). Conclusion: Telepharmacy service models differed depending on individual hospital's context and resources. Important supportive components included policies, allocation and development of personnel, financial support, and health information systems and medical technologies development. Keywords: telepharmacy; telemedicine; six building block

    āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļāļĨāđ„āļāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļĢāļēāļ„āļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļĒāļē Operational Performance of Medicine Procurement in Community Hospital under Price Control Mechanism using Medicine Estimated Cost

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    āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļ•āļēāļĄāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāđ„āļāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļĢāļēāļ„āļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļāļĨāļēāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™ (1) āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļŦāļēāļĒāļē (2) āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļž āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļĒāļē (3) āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļĒāļē (4) āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļķāļ‡āļžāļ­āđƒāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļšāļšāļœāļŠāļĄāļœāļŠāļēāļ™ āđāļĒāļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 2 āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļ—āļ™āļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļĢāļ§āļˆāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļĢāļĐāļ“āļĩāļĒāđŒ āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļēāļˆāļēāļāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļ—āļ™āļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš āļ„āļ·āļ­ āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļœāļđāđ‰āļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ āļēāļ„āđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­āļ•āļ­āļ™āļšāļ™ āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāđāļšāļšāđ€āļˆāļēāļ°āļˆāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļœāļđāđ‰āļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļģāļ–āļēāļĄāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļ—āļ™āļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļĢāļĐāļ“āļĩāļĒāđŒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ„āļģāļ•āļ­āļšāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāđ€āļāļĨāļ„āđˆāļē 1 - 5 āļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļžāļĢāļĢāļ“āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 2 āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°] āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰ (1) āļˆāļąāļ”āļŦāļēāļĒāļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰ 90 - 95% āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāđƒāļ™āļšāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļĒāļēāđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ (2) āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āđƒāļˆāļĄāļēāļāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļĒāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆ 3.75 āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄ 5 āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļšāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāļ›āļēāļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆ 3.10 āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļĒāļēāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļžāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļēāļĒ āļĒāļēāļ‚āļēāļ”āļŠāļąāđˆāļ§āļ„āļĢāļēāļ§ āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļĒāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ (3) āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļ„āļļāļĄāļĢāļēāļ„āļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰ 3.63 āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆ 4.05 āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™ (4) āļžāļ­āđƒāļˆāļ•āđˆāļ­āļœāļĨāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ›āļēāļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆ 3.32 āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™ āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļ­āļēāļˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ—āļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ āļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļĒāļēāļ‚āļēāļ”āļŠāļąāđˆāļ§āļ„āļĢāļēāļ§ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĨāļļāļĄāļ—āļļāļāļšāļĢāļĢāļˆāļļāļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĒāļ·āļ”āļŦāļĒāļļāđˆāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļāļĨāđ„āļāļ•āļĨāļēāļ” āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļģāļāļąāļ”āļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļķāļ‡āļžāļ­āđƒāļˆāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆ 3.56 āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļāļĨāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļžāļ­āđƒāļˆ āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļˆāļąāļ”āļŦāļēāļĒāļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ”āļĩ āđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāđˆāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļļāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļĒāļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āļĩ āđāļ•āđˆāļ­āļēāļˆāļāđˆāļ­āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļĒāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™ āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļĒāļē, āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē, āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļĢāļēāļ„āļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē, āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™Â  Abstract Objective: To determine the operational performance of medicine procurement under price control mechanism using medical estimated cost in 4 dimensions, namely91) access to medication (i.e., ability to provide medicines for patients), (2) medication quality and safety, (3) medication prices, and (4) pharmacist’s satisfaction. Methods: Based on a mixed method design, 2 phases were used: a focus group discussion and a questionnaire mail survey using questions developed from information from the focus group. Participants in both phases were hospital pharmacists responsible for medicine procurement. Specifically, those from hospitals in upper north region and those in all community hospitals nationwide were participants in phases 1 and 2 respectively. Participants in phase 1 were selected purposively. Study instruments were probe questions for phase 1 and postal questionnaires based on information from phase 1 for phase 2. Response format for survey questionnaire was a scale raning from 1 to 5. Results were presented as descriptive statistics. Results: Estimated cost offered (1) ability to provide 90 - 95% of medications in hospital medicine list. (2) Pharmacists were very confident with the medicine quality (3.75 out of 5 points). Medication safety problem was found at a moderate level (3.10 points), e.g., look-alike sound-alike drugs, shortage of medicines, quality problem, and patients’ perception. (3) Estimated cost could control medication expenses (3.63 points) and make procurement costs very appropriate (4.05 points). (4) Satisfaction was at a moderate level (3.32 points) due to late procurement, inability to procure the products, shortage of supply, poor coverge of some package types, inflexibility to market mechanism, and limited buying options. Satisfaction towards procurement control using estimated cost was at a high level (3.56 points). Conclusion: Medicine procurement control using estimated cost should be followed. It allows hospitals to obtain good quality products with affordable prices. However, it still could cause certain safety and procurement problems. Keywords: medicine estimated cost, medicine procurement operational performance, price control, community hospita

    Prevalence and Factors Associated with Viral Suppression of Perinatally Infected Thai Adolescents Living with HIV/AIDS in Lower North-Eastern Region

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    Objective: To explore prevalence of viral suppression and to identifyfactors associated with viral suppression among perinatally infected Thaiadolescents living HIV/AIDS (ALWHs) in Lower North-Eastern Region,Thailand. Methods: A cross-sectional study. Questionnaires and clinicaldata collection form were employed to collect data from perinatally infectedThai ALWHs at immunology clinic of public hospitals in Surin, Buriram andRoiet province from January – April 2014. Data were analyzed withdescriptive statistics and regression analysis. Results: A total of 245perinatally Thai ALWHs from 21 hospital sites were included into study.There were 11, 7 and 3 sites from Surin, Buriram and Roiet province,respectively. The majority of them were female (57.55%), mean age was15-year-old (15.41 2.41), studying at school (76.73%), and not having acaregiver (62.45%). The prevalence of viral suppression was 85.31%.Factors significantly associated with viral suppression were adherence levelâ‰Ĩ 95% (OR = 12.73; 95%CI = 5.01 – 32.40), CD4 level more than 600cell/ml. (OR = 11.10; 95%CI = 3.70 – 33.25) and CD4 level 401 - 600cell/ml. (OR = 6.20; 95%CI = 1.92 – 20.00). Conclusions: Viralsuppression was found in 85.31% of perinatally infected Thai ALWHs inLower North-Eastern Region, Thailand. Factors associated with viralsuppression were adherence to ART and CD4 level.Keywords: viral suppression, adolescents, HIV/AIDS, adherenc

    Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about disease and medicine of adolescents living with HIV/AIDS at Surin Hospital

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    Objective: Objective: To explore knowledge, attitudes and beliefs aboutdisease and medication in the perspective of adolescents living withHIV/AIDS (ALWHs) and receiving antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Methods: Aqualitative research using focus group discussion and in-depth interview toexplore the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of ALWHs followed up atimmunology clinic of Surin hospital, Thailand from March to May 2013 withthe questions guided by constructs of the Explanatory Model (EM), theHealth Belief Model (HBM) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB).Data were analyzed by content analysis. Results: Twenty ALWHsparticipated in 3-rounded focus group discussions and an individualinterview. According to the HBM, the findings showed that the ALWHsperceived that HIV/AIDS was an incurable disease, and ART was the onlytreatment which also helped them get stronger. Based on the informationobtained, ALWHs were classified into two groups according to their age;early (aged 10 to 15 years) and middle adolescents (aged 16 to 18 years).The obvious difference was the middle adolescents were able to explaintheir answers in detail while most of the early adolescents had unclear andbasic answers. Regarding to the perceived barriers, pill size and sideeffectsof ARV drugs were the first concern when they had the ARV drugresistance. Barriers to taking ARV drugs regularly were transportation tothe hospital, physical properties of ARV drugs, their daily activities, andunavailability of adherence aids. Their family was the strongest influence ontheir normative belief. Conclusion: Middle ALWHs had clearer and deeperexplanations about HIV/AID disease and medications than earlycounterparts. Their perceptions according to HBM were in high level. Theirfamily members played major roles on their adherence to ARV therapy.Keywords: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, adolescents, HIV/AID

    Items and Value of Household Leftover Medicines for Chronic Conditions at Sansai-Luang Sub-district, Sansai District, Chiang Mai Province-āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āđˆāļēāļĒāļēāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ āļ•āļģāļšāļĨāļŠāļąāļ™āļ—āļĢāļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļŠāļąāļ™āļ—āļĢāļēāļĒ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļī

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    AbstractObjective: The study aimed to explore items and values of leftovermedicines in households of people living in Sansai-Luang Subdistrict,Sansai District, Chiang Mai Province. Methods: The researchers visited thesample’s house and collected the data by interviewing and observingleftover medicines. Results: Out of 350 observed households, 25households had no patient with chronic condition and 44 households hadchronic patients but they did not have discrete information aboutappointment date. Of those 281 households with complete information, 253households (90.0%) had leftover medicines for their chronic condition. Onthe other hand, 103 households (36.7%) were in short supply of theirchronic medicines. Value of overall leftover medicines was 51,391.69 ThaiBaht, or 182.87 Thai Baht/ household. HTCZ 50 mg was the mostfrequently found leftover medicine in the household (n = 96, 27.4%),followed by Glibenclamide 5 mg (n = 60, 17.1%) and Enarapril 5 mg (n =45, 12.6%). Reasons for leftover medicines were that physicians overprescribed the medicines, patients forgot to take the medicines, physicianschanged the treatment regimens, patients were transferred to other hospital,and others. Conclusion: The study’s findings highlight the patients’medical use behavior at their houses and the needs for better care frompharmacists and healthcare practitioners in order to improve the patients’knowledge and understanding in rational and continuous use of medicinesKeywords: leftover medicine, chronic illness āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āđˆāļēāļĒāļēāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ‚āļ• āļ•.āļŠāļąāļ™āļ—āļĢāļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āļ­.āļŠāļąāļ™āļ—āļĢāļēāļĒ āļˆ.āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļĒāļĩāđˆāļĒāļĄāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļ•āļĒāļēāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļēāļāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ” 350 āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ 25 āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĒāļēāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ āđāļĨāļ° 44 āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļĒāļēāļ„āļ‡āļ„āđ‰āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ§āļąāļ™āļ™āļąāļ”āļžāļšāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļˆāļģāļ§āļąāļ™āļ™āļąāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļ 281 āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē 253 āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 90.0) āļĄāļĩāļĒāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ āđāļĨāļ° 103 āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 36.7) āļĄāļĩāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļžāļ­āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļˆāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļąāļ”āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļąāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ› āļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āđˆāļēāļĒāļēāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ„āļīāļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 51,391.69 āļšāļēāļ— āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĨāļ° 182.87 āļšāļēāļ— āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āļ„āļ·āļ­ HCTZ 50 mg āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™ 96 āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 27.4)āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĨāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ„āļ·āļ­ Glibenclamide 5 mg āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™ 60 āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 17.1)āđāļĨāļ° Enalapril 5 mg āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™ 45 āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 12.6) āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļĒāļēāđ€āļāļīāļ™ āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĨāļ·āļĄāļāļīāļ™āļĒāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļœāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆāļ–āļķāļ‡āļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰ āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļĒāļēāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰, āđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļą
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