Retirement Decisions of People with Disabilities: Voluntary or Involuntary

While some retirement is welcomed and on-time, other retirements are involuntary or forced due to the loss of a job, an early retirement incentive, a health problem, mandatory retirement, lack of control with too many job strains, or to provide care to a family member. An analysis of the 2002 Canadian General Social Survey reveals that 27% of retirees retired involuntarily. This research focuses on the disabled population in Canada and considers factors that influence voluntary and involuntary retirement. Further, consideration is given to the economic consequences of retiring involuntarily. This research will examine issues surrounding retirement and disability through statistical analysis of the Canadian Participation and Activity Limitations Survey (PALS) 2006 data. Methods include the use of descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis to determine the characteristics associated with involuntary retirement. This study found that those who retired involuntarily were more likely to have the following socio-demographic and socioeconomic characteristics -- age 55 or less, less than high-school education, live in Quebec, rent their home, and have relatively low income. They were also more likely to be worse off financially after retirement and to be receiving social assistance or a disability benefit. In terms of disability, the likelihood of retiring involuntarily was greater for those with poor health at retirement, the age of onset was over 55, higher level of severity, and multiple types of disability. For the discussion, a social inequalities framework is used, where health selection into involuntary retirement depends on social location defined by age and education. Policy initiatives that reduce the effects of disability, and allow individuals to remain in or return to the labour force such as workplace accommodations are discussed.Retirement, Disabled, Health, Labour Force

Retirement Decisions of People with Disabilities: Voluntary or Involuntary

While some retirement is welcomed and on-time, other retirements are involuntary or forced due to the loss of a job, an early retirement incentive, a health problem, mandatory retirement, lack of control with too many job strains, or to provide care to a family member. An analysis of the 2002 Canadian General Social Survey reveals that 27% of retirees retired involuntarily. This research focuses on the disabled population in Canada and considers factors that influence voluntary and involuntary retirement. Further, consideration is given to the economic consequences of retiring involuntarily. This research will examine issues surrounding retirement and disability through statistical analysis of the Canadian Participation and Activity Limitations Survey (PALS) 2006 data. Methods include the use of descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis to determine the characteristics associated with involuntary retirement. This study found that those who retired involuntarily were more likely to have the following socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics: age 55 or less, less than high school education, live in Quebec, rent their home, and have relatively low income. They were also more likely to be worse off financially after retirement and to be receiving social assistance or a disability benefit. In terms of disability, the likelihood of retiring involuntarily was greater for those with poor health at retirement, the age of onset was over 55, higher level of severity, and multiple types of disability. For the discussion, a social inequalities framework is used, where health selection into involuntary retirement depends on social location defined by age and education. Policy initiatives that reduce the effects of disability, and allow individuals to remain in or return to the labour force such as workplace accommodations are discussed.Retirement, Disabled, Health, Labour Force

State And Parameter Estimation With A Sequential Monte Carlo Method In A Three Dimensional Transport Model

Due to the inherent randomness and heterogeneity of the transport process, macrodispersion, non-fickian motion, and ergodicity, general assumptions of linearity and Gaussian distribution do not hold for the real field. Therefore, a state-space transport model for the non-linear and non-Gaussian system is proposed in this study. In this study, the state variable (concentration vector) and parameter (first-order decay) are updated with the available measurements. The probabilistic state-space formulation and updating of information on receipt of new measurements is formulated in the Bayesian framework. particle filter, a sequential Monte Carlo method, provides a rigorous general framework for dynamic state estimation problems in the Bayesian scheme. Here the reactive contaminant transport in subsurface is treated as a dynamic state and parameter estimation problem. A type of particle filter, commonly called Sequential Importance Resampling (SIR) is used for this subsurface transport problem. The model estimation is compared with a reference true random field. A promising improvement of the estimation accuracy is attained with the SIR particle filter while compared with a traditional deterministic approach. The standard deviations of the residuals were calculated for the comparison purpose. The particle filter data assimilation scheme reduces the prediction error by 48% in estimation accuracy. In case of having fixed parameters in the model, a standard technique to perform parameter estimation consists of extending the state with the parameter to transform the problem into optimal filtering problem. This approach requires the use of special particle filtering techniques which suffer from several drawbacks. An alternative statistical approach was adopted here to combine parameter estimation with the particle filter scheme. The concept of Euclidian norm was introduced in order to address the sequential weight assignment to the parameter estimation. The SIR particle filter scheme successfully estimated the parameter (first-order decay). With the use of the updated parameter in the state prediction, prediction error of the SIR particle filter data assimilation scheme became 78% smaller than the error from the deterministic model

A review on Bangabandhu and agriculture: Future path for self-sufficiency in food production of Bangladesh

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is one of the rabble rousing, undisputable and charismatic leaders in the global history. Due to his inherent and extra ordinary qualities he gained the trust, support and hope of the general peoples (East-Bengalis). This paper aims to review the key roles played by him for uplifting the agricultural sector of Bangladesh. Bangladesh wouldn’t become independent and a sovereign country without his bold contribution. After the bloody liberation war of 1971; the country had a poor and fragile economy and shortage of all sorts of basic needs specially food. After the formation of government, the leader took revolutionary steps for reformation of the agricultural sector of the country. From his intuition he felt that, for agricultural development and gaining self-sufficiency in food production; some major changes have to be done. Thus, he put special emphasis on agricultural education, research, extension, industries and markets; he also waived the taxes on agricultural lands. To encourage innovative and talented students to study agriculture; he upgraded the status of the agriculturists to first class officer. Bangabandhu’s vision was clear, challenging and reality based. He decorated the agricultural policies basing on the farmers and their economic conditions. The leader put special importance in practicing integrated agriculture so that we may get all types of food (cereal, pulse, oil, vegetable, fruits, fish, and livestock). Due to his dynamic efforts and future guidelines at that time (1972-1975); today Bangladesh has not only achieved food security but also became a role model for agricultural development globally. Through his ideology and principles Bangladesh is moving rapidly forward to become a developed country by 2041

Evolution and Paradigm Shift in Distributed System Architecture

New age programming languages highlight the mobility of objects and on-the-fly communication mechanism even being available on nodes with intermittent connections. We are breathing in the era where the working framework enables the procedures to oversee imparted information and arrangement to a domain where distinctive procedures are executing on discrete frameworks that essentially makes use of message-based correspondence or mobile communication architecture. The highlight that has been conceived for the years has spawned the remote administration and remote access in distributed computing framework and was outlined as an approach to digest the strategy call component to use between frameworks associated through a system. These frameworks contains the stub and skeleton on client and server side respectively which behaves as remote proxies and deals with marshaling and unmarshalling of the incoming and outgoing data. This has incurred the need of more distributed and platform independent communication mechanisms, that can not only make intercalling of functions but also support features like platform independency from various object oriented based programming languages. The distinctions in the programming model prompt higher state of abilities and more implicit customer side mechanisms for simple and hands-on interaction with the code that actualizes and implements the distributed frameworks

Performance of Indian spinach and papaya in litchi based agroforestry system

An investigation was conducted at Borjona village of Kapasia, Gazipur district during September 2011 to October 2012 to examine the biological performance of Indian spinach and papaya in litchi based agroforestry system. Papaya was planted between two litchi plants in each line and Indian spinach varieties were grown in the inter-space of two lines of litchi plant as well as control (farmers practice) in May 2012. Yield and yield contributing characters of Indian spinach varieties grown as litchi-papaya based agroforestry system and control did not vary. However, sprout plant-1 and sprout weight of Indian spinach varieties grown in litchi-papaya based system were significantly influenced while the other parameters did not vary. Sprout plant-1 of KS green (2.97) and local (2.89) variety were identical but higher over KS red variety (2.57). Sprout weight of KS red variety was the highest (85.80 g) while KS green and local variety gave lower and identical sprout weight. Though the yield did not vary among the varieties, KS red gave the highest yield (36.32 t ha- 1) followed by local (34.61 t ha-1) and KS green (34.00 t ha-1). In case of growth of litchi, plant height and stem diameter increment were 21.39 and 44.94 % over the eleven months observation period. The yield of papaya was quite satisfactory with an average 42 fruits per plant with 23.71 t ha-1. Therefore, in the Litchi-Papaya-Indian spinach based system, Indian spinach varieties could be ranked as KS red > Local> KS green.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 6 (1): 34-40, June, 201

Weighting Large Datasets with Complex Sampling Designs: Choosing the Appropriate Variance Estimation Method

Using the Canadian Workplace and Employee Survey (WES), three variance estimation methods for weighting large datasets with complex sampling designs are compared: simple final weighting, standard bootstrapping and mean bootstrapping. Using a logit analysis, it is shown - depending on which weighting method is used - different predictor variables are significant. The potential lack of independence inherent in a multi-stage cluster sample design, as in the WES, results in a downward bias in the variance when conducting statistical inference (using the simple final weight), which in turn results in increased Type I errors. Bootstrap methods can account for the survey’s design and adjust the variance so that it is inference appropriate and corrected for downward bias. The WES provides mean, as opposed to standard, bootstrap weights with the data; thus, a further adjustment to account for the reduced variation inherent when information is grouped is required. Failure to use mean bootstrap weights appropriately leads to biased standard errors and inappropriate inference

Generating and Comparing Aggregate Variables for Use Across Datasets in Multilevel Analysis

This article examines the creation of contextual aggregate variables from one dataset for use with another dataset in multilevel analysis. The process of generating aggregate variables and methods of assessing the validity of the constructed aggregates are presented, together with the difficulties that this approach presents

How Markets React to Different Types of Mergers

This paper analyzes the merger data for the period of 1994-2011 for the US companies and identifies the characteristics driving M&A performance. We analyze two-day abnormal returns for M&A announcements by public acquiring firms to test whether the market reacts differently to the type of target firms, the fundamentals of the target, and the target firm’s industry. The key contribution of our study is that we examine whether the market has a preference for delisted firms acquired in the M&A activity. Although the number of ‘Delisted and Acquired’ firms is small during the period analyzed, we find that the market reaction to M&A of non-delisted public target firms is more negative than that of the delisted public target firms. More generally, we also find that acquisitions of private firms induce a positive reaction for the acquirer, in contrast with acquisitions of public firms. Further, the characteristics of the target and acquirer firms, such as firm performance, do not play a huge role in market reactions to a merger except for the delisted status of a firm