Mitigating Black Hole Attacks in AODV Routing Protocol Using Dynamic Graph

With the advancement of wireless technologies, Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) has been an important field of study. MANETs find useful applications in the real world, for example in military battlefield and disaster management. Since MANET is dynamic in nature, it must be represented by dynamic graph. Evolving graph, a form of dynamic graph, may be used for the purpose. When we talk about a network, a routing protocol comes into the question, and one of the most popular routing protocols is AODV. However, since AODV suffers from a drawback that it may be a victim of black hole attack, we need to find a technique to eliminate the possibility of the phenomenon. This paper makes a study of MANET and an efficient way of representing MANET by dynamic graph. It explains the AODV routing technique and the black hole attack. It then extends the idea of dynamic graph to propose a technique to solve the problem of black hole attack in AODV

Implementing E-Commerce model for Agricultural Produce: A Research Roadmap

The advancement in technology and the increase in usage of Internet access has revolutionized the landscape of agriculture using E-Commerce. Several E-Commerce websites are operative in India to promote uniformity in agricultural marketing across the integrated markets by removing information asymmetry between buyers and sellers. Stakeholders are reluctant to utilize this new technology for trading agricultural produces in spite of close opportunities. Pricing mechanism of the online trading portals neither generates maximum revenue during high demand and less supply nor ensures minimum loss due to the decay or down selling of the products. Static pricing mechanism prevents the sellers from joining this online system, as it does not provide many benefits to an online customer. A continuous adjustable dynamic pricing mechanism that can adapt the market condition and quality degradation is crucial for maintaining the seller revenue and customer interest. This paper explains several existing dynamic pricing mechanisms and analyzes their relevance in the field of agro-marketing. In this paper, several research challenges on dynamic pricing approach of E-Commerce have been summarized. The factors like demand, supply, and freshness of the agri-products must +be considered for the development of a pricing mechanism in the dynamic environment of E-Commerce

A robust pest identification system using morphological analysis in neural networks

Timely detection of pests play a major role in agriculture. There exist many pest identification systems, but almost all of them suffer from the misclassification due to lighting, background clutter, heterogeneous capturing devices as well as the pest being partially visible or in the different orientation. This misclassification may cause tremendous yield loss. To mitigate this situation, we proposed an architecture to provide high classification accuracy under the aforementioned conditions using morphology and skeletonization along with neural networks as classifiers. We have considered the crop rice as a use case as it is the staple food grain of almost the entire population of India. The amount of pesticides used is highest in rice as compared to all other food grains. This paper offers a robust technique to identify the pests in rice crops. The performance of the proposed architecture is tested with an image dataset, and the experimental results reveal that our proposed approach provides better classification accuracy than the existing pest detection approaches in the literature. Furthermore, the experimental results also provide the performance comparison among the popular classifiers

Power Consumption Analysis, Measurement, Management, and Issues:A State-of-the-Art Review of Smartphone Battery and Energy Usage

The advancement and popularity of smartphones have made it an essential and all-purpose device. But lack of advancement in battery technology has held back its optimum potential. Therefore, considering its scarcity, optimal use and efficient management of energy are crucial in a smartphone. For that, a fair understanding of a smartphone's energy consumption factors is necessary for both users and device manufacturers, along with other stakeholders in the smartphone ecosystem. It is important to assess how much of the device's energy is consumed by which components and under what circumstances. This paper provides a generalized, but detailed analysis of the power consumption causes (internal and external) of a smartphone and also offers suggestive measures to minimize the consumption for each factor. The main contribution of this paper is four comprehensive literature reviews on: 1) smartphone's power consumption assessment and estimation (including power consumption analysis and modelling); 2) power consumption management for smartphones (including energy-saving methods and techniques); 3) state-of-the-art of the research and commercial developments of smartphone batteries (including alternative power sources); and 4) mitigating the hazardous issues of smartphones' batteries (with a details explanation of the issues). The research works are further subcategorized based on different research and solution approaches. A good number of recent empirical research works are considered for this comprehensive review, and each of them is succinctly analysed and discussed

Comparative study of porphyrin derivatives in monolayers at the air-water interface and in Langmuir-Blodgett films

The orientation and aggregation of various porphyrin derivatives at the air-water interface and in Langmuir-Blodgett films were investigated. Monolayer properties of these molecules, where long alkyl chain(s) were covalently bound through different functionality of varying hydrophilicity were studied by measuring surface pressure area isotherms. Such derivatives, where ether functionality (functionalities) was (were) used for linking long alkyl chain(s), did not form uniform monolayer; instead they were found to form multilayer clusters or aggregates on the water surface. On the other hand, porphyrin derivative functionalized at the four peripheral phenyl rings with eight hexadecyl ether chains formed stable spherical vesicles when deposited on mica. Tetra N-alkyl pyridinium porphyrins with long alkyl chain were found to form various phases on the water surface. Evidence of transition from horizontal orientation to vertical orientation of porphyrin rings of porphyrin molecules having C14 chains was observed. This type of transition was lost with the porphyrin molecule with a relatively smaller chain (C8)

Solvent-dependent aggregation behavior of a new Ru(II)-polypyridyl based metallosurfactant

Variation of the solvent polarity leads to the formation of vesicles and reverse vesicles of a newly synthesized amphiphilic Ru(II)-polypyridyl complex

Integrated fuzzy AHP-CODAS framework for maintenance decision in urea fertilizer industry

This paper proposes a novel integrated MCDM (multi-criteria decision-making) framework based on fuzzy AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) and a new fuzzy CODAS (Combinative Distance Based Assessment) approaches for solving the maintenance decision problem in a process industry. Under fuzzy AHP, a hierarchy structure related to the decision problem has been developed and the weights for different criteria and sub-criteria were computed using Geometric Mean (GM) method. These weights are further included in fuzzy CODAS approach to obtain the final ranking of the considered alternative maintenance strategies. Sensitivity analysis has also been performed for investigating the stability and validation of the proposed framework. The proposed framework was employed for selecting an optimal maintenance strategy for an Ammonia Synthesis Unit (ASU) of a urea fertilizer industry located in North India

A Comparative Analysis of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods for Resource Selection in Mobile Crowd Computing

In mobile crowd computing (MCC), smart mobile devices (SMDs) are utilized as computing resources. To achieve satisfactory performance and quality of service, selecting the most suitable resources (SMDs) is crucial. The selection is generally made based on the computing capability of an SMD, which is defined by its various fixed and variable resource parameters. As the selection is made on different criteria of varying significance, the resource selection problem can be duly represented as an MCDM problem. However, for the real-time implementation of MCC and considering its dynamicity, the resource selection algorithm should be time-efficient. In this paper, we aim to find out a suitable MCDM method for resource selection in such a dynamic and time-constraint environment. For this, we present a comparative analysis of various MCDM methods under asymmetric conditions with varying selection criteria and alternative sets. Various datasets of different sizes are used for evaluation. We execute each program on a Windows-based laptop and also on an Android-based smartphone to assess average runtimes. Besides time complexity analysis, we perform sensitivity analysis and ranking order comparison to check the correctness, stability, and reliability of the rankings generated by each method