25 research outputs found
New 2D thermal model applied to an LHC inner triplet quadrupole magnet
A newly developed numerical model is presented that enables to compute two-dimensional heat transfer and temperature distributions over the cross-section of superconducting accelerator magnets. The entire thermal path from strand-in-cable to heat sink, including helium channels is considered. Superfluid helium properties are combined with temperature- and field-dependent non-linear solid material properties. Interfacial interactions are also taken into account. The model is applied to the cross-section of an inner triplet quadrupole magnet featuring a new concept for the ground insulation. Beam loss profiles are implemented as main heat source. It is concluded that operational margins can be considerably increased by opening additional thermal paths, improving the cooling conditions
Transformation of the Polish power system and the special role of heating and cogeneration in this process
Polski system elektroenergetyczny jest obecnie w okresie transformacji wynikaj膮cej zar贸wno ze stanu technicznego jednostek wytw贸rczych energii elektrycznej, jak i z za艂o偶e艅 polityki klimatycznej wyra偶onych w Zielonym 艁adzie. Proces transformacji jest odzwierciedlony w Polityce Energetycznej Polski do 2040 r. (PEP 2040) i zak艂ada du偶y wzrost niestabilnych 藕r贸de艂 OZE w miksie energetycznym. Stabilizacja tych 藕r贸de艂 b臋dzie mo偶liwa poprzez modernizacj臋 ciep艂ownictwa polegaj膮c膮 na zamianie 藕r贸de艂 ciep艂a na systemy kogeneracyjne. Kogeneracja stanie si臋 technologi膮 regulacyjn膮 w systemie elektroenergetycznym i zacznie wykorzystywa膰 na du偶膮 skal臋 magazyny ciep艂a i ch艂odu r贸wnie偶 w okresie letnim. W pracy om贸wiono procesy transformacji polskiej energetyki oraz uwypuklono rol臋 ciep艂ownictwa w tym procesie, w szczeg贸lno艣ci kogeneracji i trigeneracji.The Polish power system is currently undergoing transformation resulting both from the technical condition of electricity generating units and from the assumptions of the climate policy expressed in the Green Deal. The transformation process is reflected in the Polish Energy Policy until 2040 (PEP 2040) and assumes a large increase in unstable renewable energy sources in the energy mix. The stabilization of these sources will be possible through the modernization of the heating sector by replacing old heat sources with cogeneration systems. Cogeneration will become a regulatory technology in the power system and will start to use large-scale heat and cold storage in the summer. The paper discusses the transformation processes of the Polish energy sector and emphasizes the role of heating in this process, in particular cogeneration and trigeneration
Experimental Study of Performance Improvement of 3-Bed and 2-Evaporator Adsorption Chiller by Control Optimization
The main challenge facing adsorption cooling technology is low Coefficient of Performance (COP), which becomes a key factor of the commercialization of this technology. This paper presents the results of modifications, aiming to increase COP, applied to the control software of a prototype three-bed two-evaporator adsorption chiller. Changes were mainly related to the sequence of the switching valves and had no influence on the hardware of the chiller. The sequence changes enabled the introduction of heat recovery and mass regeneration. Moreover, the precooling process was improved. The applied modifications not only resulted in significant improvement of the chiller’s COP, but also improved the cooperation adsorption unit heating source, which is of great importance in case of district heating supply. The improvement was also observed concerning such operational aspects as noise and vibrations. In the authors’ opinion, the presented modifications can be introduced to most exploited adsorption chillers and could potentially lead to similar improvements in performance
Changes in financial reporting pursuant to the amendment of accounting act in july 2015 and their impact on the ratio analysis on the example of the balance sheet
Kolejna nowelizacja ustawy o rachunkowo艣ci z lipca 2015 r. wprowadzi艂a
do polskiego prawa bilansowego wiele istotnych zmian, kt贸re dotycz膮 m.in. prezentacji
informacji w sprawozdaniu finansowym oraz stosowania uproszcze艅 w rachunkowo艣ci.
Jedna z zasadniczych zmian w sprawozdawczo艣ci finansowej polega na prezentacji
udzia艂贸w/akcji w艂asnych oraz nale偶nych wp艂at na kapita艂 podstawowy w aktywach bilansu,
a nie jak dotychczas w kapita艂ach w艂asnych ze znakiem ujemnym, co powoduje
wzrost sumy bilansowej i kapita艂贸w w艂asnych. Wielko艣ci te uwzgl臋dniane s膮 w wielu
wska藕nikach finansowych s艂u偶膮cych ocenie sytuacji jednostki, dlatego dokonywane na
ich podstawie analiza i wnioskowanie powinny by膰 poprzedzone doprowadzeniem danych
sprawozdawczych do por贸wnywalno艣ci.Another amendment to the Accounting Act in July 2015 introduced to the
Polish accounting law a number of significant changes that relate to, among others, the
presentation of information in the financial statement and the use of simplifications in
accounting. One of the major changes in the financial reporting process is the presentation
of shares /treasury shares and called-up share capital in the balance sheet assets, not as previously, in equity with a negative sign, which causes an increase in total assets and
equity. These amounts are included in many financial indicators, which are used to assess
the financial situation of the company, therefore, analysis and inference based on
them should be preceded by bringing the reporting data to comparability
Kogeneracja i trigeneracja w transformacji polskiej energetyki
Podstaw膮 wytw贸rczej cz臋艣ci polskiego systemu elektroenergetycznego s膮 w臋glowe elektrownie i elektrociep艂ownie. Oko艂o 12% energii elektrycznej wytwarza si臋 w w臋glowej kogeneracji, co jest mo偶liwe dzi臋ki wyposa偶eniu du偶ych miast w rozleg艂e sieci ciep艂ownicze. Na system elektroenergetyczny sk艂adaj膮 si臋 r贸wnie偶 elektrociep艂ownie gazowe, elektrownie wodne, elektrownie wiatrowe, fotowoltaiczne. Energetyka tworzy sp贸jny system dzi臋ki wysoko- 艣rednio- i niskonapi臋ciowym liniom przesy艂u oraz dystrybucji energii elektrycznej. Na system elektroenergetyczny maj膮 r贸wnie偶 bezpo艣redni lub po艣redni wp艂yw stosowane w ciep艂ownictwie pompy ciep艂a, ciep艂ownie geotermalne, biogazownie, instalacje solarne i technologie wschodz膮ce, jak np. elektromobilno艣膰
Valuation and Depreciation of Fixed Assets Contributed in Kind - Accounting and Tax Aspects
艢rodki trwa艂e mog膮 by膰 wniesione aportem do sp贸艂ki kapita艂owej lub osobowej w formie odr臋bnych sk艂adnik贸w maj膮tkowych lub wchodzi膰 w sk艂ad aktyw贸w przekazanego aportem przedsi臋biorstwa. W obu przypadkach w sp贸艂ce otrzymuj膮cej aport zachodzi konieczno艣膰 ustalenia ich warto艣ci pocz膮tkowej, a tak偶e zasad amortyzacji dla cel贸w bilansowych, jak i podatkowych. Zasady ustalania bilansowej warto艣ci pocz膮tkowej i amortyzacji wniesionych aportem 艣rodk贸w trwa艂ych r贸偶ni膮 si臋 od obowi膮zuj膮cych w tym zakresie rozwi膮za艅 podatkowych, wi膮偶膮cych wycen臋 i zasady amortyzacji pozyskanych sk艂adnik贸w m.in. z form膮 prawn膮 podmiotu otrzymuj膮cego aport i form膮 aportu (oddzielne 艣rodki trwa艂e lub 艣rodki trwa艂e b臋d膮ce cz臋艣ci膮 aktyw贸w wnoszonego aportem przedsi臋biorstwa).Fixed assets may be contributed in kind to a limited company or a personal company as separate assets or as a part of the company's assets transferred in kind. In both cases, the company receiving the contribution has to determine their initial value and depreciation rules for accounting and tax purposes. Accounting rules of determining the initial value and depreciation of the fixed assets contributed in kind differ from tax solutions. The tax rules consider valuation and depreciation rules of received ingredients, among others, as related to a legal form of the entity receiving the contribution and a form of the contribution in kind (separately the fixed assets or the assets that are the part of the company's transferred assets in kind)
Thermodynamic optimization of the cryostat for Nb/sub 3/Sn superconductors thermal research
NED activity within work package TSQP includes a task to study the thermal behavior of new ceramic electrical insulation. This insulation with good wrapping and excellent thermal resistance during heat treatment would eliminate complex coil fabrication, lower cost and reduce fabrication time. Tests of the insulation's thermal features require a superfluid helium cryostat. The cryostat is constructed at Wroclaw University of Technology in co-operation with CEA and CERN. Heat transfer measurements should be realized in saturated He I (4.2 K), in supercritical He (4.2...5 K, 1...6 bar), and in pressurized He II (1.9 K, 1 bar). The cryostat thermal insulation has been optimized on the basis of the generated entropy minimization method. The total heat flux to the super-fluid helium has been estimated at 3 W. The cryostat, after the tests done at Wroclaw University of Technology, will be delivered to CEA, Saclay to perform thermal measurements of the insulation