Time and information in perceptual adaptation to speech

Presubmission manuscript and supplementary files (stimuli, stimulus presentation code, data, data analysis code).Perceptual adaptation to a talker enables listeners to efficiently resolve the many-to-many mapping between variable speech acoustics and abstract linguistic representations. However, models of speech perception have not delved into the variety or the quantity of information necessary for successful adaptation, nor how adaptation unfolds over time. In three experiments using speeded classification of spoken words, we explored how the quantity (duration), quality (phonetic detail), and temporal continuity of talker-specific context contribute to facilitating perceptual adaptation to speech. In single- and mixed-talker conditions, listeners identified phonetically-confusable target words in isolation or preceded by carrier phrases of varying lengths and phonetic content, spoken by the same talker as the target word. Word identification was always slower in mixed-talker conditions than single-talker ones. However, interference from talker variability decreased as the duration of preceding speech increased but was not affected by the amount of preceding talker-specific phonetic information. Furthermore, efficiency gains from adaptation depended on temporal continuity between preceding speech and the target word. These results suggest that perceptual adaptation to speech may be understood via models of auditory streaming, where perceptual continuity of an auditory object (e.g., a talker) facilitates allocation of attentional resources, resulting in more efficient perceptual processing.NIH NIDCD (R03DC014045

1-(4-Bromo­phenyl­sulfin­yl)-2-methyl­naphtho­[2,1-b]furan

In the title compound, C19H13BrO2S, the 4-bromo­phenyl ring makes a dihedral angle of 83.75 (4)° with the mean plane of the naphtho­furan fragment [r.m.s. deviation = 0.024 (2) Å]. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via pairs of C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers. These dimers are connected by weak π–π inter­actions between the central naphtho­furan benzene rings of neighbouring mol­ecules [centroid–centroid distance = 3.483 (2) Å, inter­planar distance = 3.416 (2) Å and slippage = 0.680 (2) Å]

5-Cyclo­hexyl-2-(3-fluoro­phen­yl)-3-methyl­sulfinyl-1-benzofuran

In the title compound, C21H21FO2S, the cyclo­hexyl ring adopts a chair conformation. The 3-fluoro­phenyl ring makes a dihedral angle of 38.38 (6)° with the mean plane [r.m.s. deviation = 0.010 (1) Å] of the benzofuran fragment. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

2-Methyl-1-(4-methyl­phenyl­sulfinyl)naphtho­[2,1-b]furan

In the title compound, C20H16O2S, the 4-methyl­phenyl ring makes a dihedral angle of 82.60 (4)° with the mean plane [r.m.s. deviation = 0.007 (1) Å] of the naphtho­furan fragment. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and by a slipped π–π inter­action between the central naphtho­furan benzene rings of neighbouring mol­ecules [centroid-to-centroid distance = 3.671 (2) Å, inter­planar distance = 3.349 (2) Å and slippage = 1.503 (2)°]

3-(4-Bromo­phenyl­sulfin­yl)-2,5,7-trimethyl-1-benzofuran

In the title compound, C17H15BrO2S, the 4-bromo­phenyl ring makes a dihedral angle of 87.78 (5)° with the mean plane of the benzofuran fragment. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and by weak inter­molecular C—S⋯π [3.399 (2) Å] and C—Br⋯π [3.797 (2) and 3.757 (2) Å] inter­actions

5-Cyclo­hexyl-2-methyl-3-(4-methyl­phenyl­sulfin­yl)-1-benzofuran

In the title compound, C22H24O2S, the cyclo­hexyl ring adopts a chair conformation. The 4-methyl­phenyl ring makes a dihedral angle of 81.60 (5)° with the mean plane [r.m.s. deviation = 0.004 (1) Å] of the benzofuran fragment. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and weak π–π inter­actions between the furan rings of adjacent mol­ecules [centroid–centroid distance = 3.545 (2) Å, inter­planar distance = 3.489 (2) Å and slippage = 0.628 (2) Å

3-(3-Chloro­phenyl­sulfon­yl)-2,5,7-trimethyl-1-benzofuran

In the title compound, C17H15ClO3S, the 3-chloro­phenyl ring makes a dihedral angle of 77.76 (6)° with the mean plane [r.m.s. deviation = 0.007 (1) Å] of the benzofuran fragment. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π inter­actions

3-Methyl­sulfinyl-2-phenyl-1-benzofuran

The title compound, C15H12O2S, was prepared by the oxidation of 3-methyl­sulfanyl-2-phenyl-1-benzofuran with 3-chloro­peroxy­benzoic acid. The phenyl ring makes a dihedral angle of 37.65 (8)° with the plane of the benzofuran fragment. The O atom and the methyl group of the methyl­sulfinyl substituent lie on opposite sides of the plane of the benzofuran ring system. The crystal structure is stabilized by aromatic π–π inter­actions between the benzene rings of neighbouring mol­ecules [centroid–centroid distance = 3.549 (2) Å] and by inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions

2,5-Dimethyl-3-phenyl­sulfonyl-1-benzofuran

The title compound, C16H14O3S, was prepared by the oxidation of 2,5-dimethyl-3-phenyl­sulfanyl-1-benzofuran with 3-chloro­peroxy­benzoic acid. The phenyl ring makes a dihedral angle of 76.98 (9)° with the plane of the benzofuran fragment. The crystal structure is stabilized by π–π inter­actions between furan and benzene rings of neighbouring mol­ecules [centroid–centroid distance = 3.775 (4) Å]. In addition, the crystal structure exhibits intra- and inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions