A Stirring Effect of the Loss Leader Strategy in a Two-Sided Online Platform

Loss leader strategy refers to a pricing strategy in which sellers set much lower prices than the original ones for specific products to attract user attention. Similar to brick-and-mortar stores, online marketplaces often try to expose their platforms more visibly to potential buyers by offering a particular product at a lower price. Yet, the effects of the loss leader strategy on the online marketplaces is indeterminate and largely remains an empirical question due to distinguished characteristics of online marketplaces from the traditional retail setting. This study examines the effects of the loss leader strategy in the context of the two-sided online platform, focusing on the changes of both buying and selling sides after the introduction of loss leader. We collaborate with an online travel marketplace that introduced loss leaders (ticket products with lower price) to parts of sub-markets, providing a natural experimental setting for examining the effect of the loss leaders

Collaborative Score Distillation for Consistent Visual Synthesis

Generative priors of large-scale text-to-image diffusion models enable a wide range of new generation and editing applications on diverse visual modalities. However, when adapting these priors to complex visual modalities, often represented as multiple images (e.g., video), achieving consistency across a set of images is challenging. In this paper, we address this challenge with a novel method, Collaborative Score Distillation (CSD). CSD is based on the Stein Variational Gradient Descent (SVGD). Specifically, we propose to consider multiple samples as "particles" in the SVGD update and combine their score functions to distill generative priors over a set of images synchronously. Thus, CSD facilitates seamless integration of information across 2D images, leading to a consistent visual synthesis across multiple samples. We show the effectiveness of CSD in a variety of tasks, encompassing the visual editing of panorama images, videos, and 3D scenes. Our results underline the competency of CSD as a versatile method for enhancing inter-sample consistency, thereby broadening the applicability of text-to-image diffusion models.Comment: Project page with visuals: https://subin-kim-cv.github.io/CSD

Elevated RalA activity in the hippocampus of PI3K gamma knock-out mice lacking NMDAR-dependent long-term depression

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) play key roles in synaptic plasticity and cognitive functions in the brain. We recently found that genetic deletion of PI3K gamma, the only known member of class IB PI3Ks, results in impaired N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent long-term depression (NMDAR-LTD) in the hippocampus. The activity of RalA, a small GTP-binding protein, increases following NMDAR-LTD inducing stimuli, and this increase in RalA activity is essential for inducing NMDAR-LTD. We found that RalA activity increased significantly in PI3K gamma knockout mice. Furthermore, NMDAR-LTD-inducing stimuli did not increase RalA activity in PI3K gamma knockout mice. These results suggest that constitutively increased RalA activity occludes further increases in RalA activity during induction of LTD, causing impaired NMDAR-LTD. We propose that PI3K gamma regulates the activity of RalA, which is one of the molecular mechanisms inducing NMDAR-dependent LTD.open1

Autophagy pathway upregulation in a human iPSC-derived neuronal model of Cohen syndrome with VPS13B missense mutations

Significant clinical symptoms of Cohen syndrome (CS), a rare autosomal recessive disorder, include intellectual disability, facial dysmorphism, postnatal microcephaly, retinal dystrophy, and intermittent neutropenia. CS has been associated with mutations in the VPS13B (vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog B) gene, which regulates vesicle-mediated protein sorting and transport; however, the cellular mechanism underlying CS pathogenesis in patient-derived neurons remains uncertain. This report states that autophagic vacuoles accumulate in CS fibroblasts and the axonal terminals of CS patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (CS iPSC)-derived neurons; additionally, autophagic flux was significantly increased in CS-derived neurons compared to control neurons. VPS13B knockout HeLa cell lines generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system showed significant upregulation of autophagic flux, indicating that VSP13B may be associated with autophagy in CS. Transcriptomic analysis focusing on the autophagy pathway revealed that genes associated with autophagosome organization were dysregulated in CS-derived neurons. ATG4C is a mammalian ATG4 paralog and a crucial regulatory component of the autophagosome biogenesis/recycling pathway. ATG4C was significantly upregulated in CS-derived neurons, indicating that autophagy is upregulated in CS neurons. The autophagy pathway in CS neurons may be associated with the pathophysiology exhibited in the neural network of CS patients.This work was supported by National Research Foundation (NRF2017R1D1A3B03030972), the National Honor Scientist Program, the Korea Health Technology R&D Project (HI18C0158), and the Bio & Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science & ICT (2017M3A9G7073521) to J.-A L

Optimal Information Design for Search Goods

We consider a monopoly pricing problem in which a consumer with an uncertain valuation of a search good receives a signal of value before deciding whether to visit the seller. She discovers her true value upon visiting and before purchase. We characterize the consumer-optimal and seller-worst signals in such an environment and deliver two main insights. First, both the consumer-optimal and seller-worst signals generate a unit-elastic demand. Second, the two signals coincide if and only if visitation costs are sufficiently small