Analysis of the Penn Korean Universal Dependency Treebank (PKT-UD): Manual Revision to Build Robust Parsing Model in Korean

In this paper, we first open on important issues regarding the Penn Korean Universal Treebank (PKT-UD) and address these issues by revising the entire corpus manually with the aim of producing cleaner UD annotations that are more faithful to Korean grammar. For compatibility to the rest of UD corpora, we follow the UDv2 guidelines, and extensively revise the part-of-speech tags and the dependency relations to reflect morphological features and flexible word-order aspects in Korean. The original and the revised versions of PKT-UD are experimented with transformer-based parsing models using biaffine attention. The parsing model trained on the revised corpus shows a significant improvement of 3.0% in labeled attachment score over the model trained on the previous corpus. Our error analysis demonstrates that this revision allows the parsing model to learn relations more robustly, reducing several critical errors that used to be made by the previous model.Comment: Accepted by The 16th International Conference on Parsing Technologies, IWPT 202

Nanozyme Based on Porphyrinic Metal-Organic Framework for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction

Mimicry of natural enzyme systems is an important approach for catalyst design. To create an enzyme-inspired catalyst, it is essential to mimic both the active center and the second coordination sphere. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), an emerging class of porous materials, are ideal candidates for heterogeneous catalysts because their versatile building blocks confer a high level of structural tunability, and the chemical environment surrounding the active center can be controlled at the molecular level. Herein, a new 2D porphyrinic MOF, PPF-100, constructed from a nonplanar saddle-distorted porphyrin linker and a Cu paddle-wheel metal node is reported. The strategic introduction of ethyl substituents allows not only to mimic the active center and second coordination sphere but also to increase the catalytic selectivity while completely inhibiting H-2 generation in the CO2 reduction reaction

Augmented Mechanical Forces of the Surface-Modified Nanoporous Acupuncture Needles Elicit Enhanced Analgesic Effects

Over the past several decades, clinical studies have shown significant analgesic effects of acupuncture. The efficacy of acupuncture treatment has improved with the recent development of nanoporous needles (PN), which are produced by modifying the needle surface using nanotechnology. Herein, we showed that PN at acupoint ST36 produces prolonged analgesic effects in an inflammatory pain model; the analgesic effects of PN acupuncture were sustained over 2 h, while those using a conventional needle (CN) lasted only 30 min. In addition, the PN showed greater therapeutic effects than CN after 10 acupuncture treatments once per day for 10 days. We explored how the porous surface of the PN contributes to changes in local tissue, which may in turn result in enhanced analgesic effects. We showed that the PN has greater rotational torque and pulling force than the CN, particularly at acupoints ST36 and LI11, situated on thick muscle layers. Additionally, in ex vivo experiments, the PN showed greater winding of subcutaneous connective tissues and muscle layers. Our results suggest that local mechanical forces are augmented by the PN and its nanoporous surface, contributing to the enhanced and prolonged analgesic effects of PN acupuncture.1

나노 기술을 기반으로 표면 처리된 한방침의 치료 효능

The paradigm of modern medicines, which is mainly about chemotherapy, shows limits caused by side effect, temporary therapeutic efficacy and drug resistance. Over the three thousands of chemicals have been used as chemotherapeutic treatment and some of them have contaminated environment and destroyed the ecology, as residual drug which is called ‘Xenobiotics’. So acupuncture an oriental medicine, which has been used as a complementary and alternative medical treatment is attracting attention. Acupuncture needle begins to be employed from 6000 BC, which is believed to be, by insertion of sharpened stone, bamboo, and bone. It is a medical device which converts physical energy to vital energy by needle insertion in the skin. However, most of plausible mechanisms cannot explain its actual action clearly yet. Although acupuncture is unexplainable therapeutic system, it has been adopted in various types of illnesses as a kind of effective therapy. One of the reasons, acupuncture needle is attracting attention is its environment friendly and sustainable treatment technique which does not have side effects due to physical stimulation rather than chemotherapy. Recently, it has been proved that the therapeutic effect of acupuncture needle in the treatment of four major serious illnesses such as cancer, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease and Lou Gehrig’s disease expect to be a sustainable treatment without side effects due to physical stimulation energy instead of chemotherapy. Increasing surface area and development of quantum mechanical stimulation modeled functional nanoparticles such as magnetic field, fluorescence and surface plasmonic effect will be a new breakthrough in the premises of modern medicines For this reason, it is urgent to develop various acupuncture needle based on modern technology. At this point, nanotechnology-based acupuncture research will innovate new class of acupuncture needle as a game changer in medical field Hence motivated, we have electrochemically anodized acupuncture needle to engrave a large number of concave holes to get porous acupuncture needle (PAN). The hierarchical micro/nanostructured surface provoked enhanced stimulation intensity with surface area approximately 20 times higher than conventional acupuncture needle (CAN). The effect of high surface area stimulation in rats, showed PAN to be more powerful in acupuncture efficacy. In the case of drug addiction treatment such as of alcohol and cocaine, electrophysiological and behavioral responses from in vivo stimulation of HT7 acupoint proved that PAN significantly reduced drug withdrawal symptoms in animal model more than CAN. In addition, the molecular biological changes adduced by PAN found to be inhibiting the growth and elimination of cancer cells. PAN is confirmed as neurophysiological excellence than CAN and opened the possibility of treatment for severe disease. Second, Noble metal nanoparticle such as gold, silver and platinum have elicited numbers of interesting results for significant biomedical applications due to their inertness and electrical properties. Electrochemical deposition method is utilized for nano particle deposition of noble metal on the surface of PAN and CAN. The nanoparticles enhanced its surface area and reduced impedance than PAN. These properties, in comparison to CAN, induced more neuron activity.openChapter 1. Introduction 1-- 1.1. Research Background 1-- 1.2. ‘De Qi’ response for Activation of Vital Energy 2-- 1.3. Research Approaches 3-- 1.3.1 Hierarchical Micro/Nano-Porous Acupuncture Needles 4-- 1.3.2 Nanoscale Deposition of Noble Metal Particles on Acupuncture Needles 4-- 1.4. References 5-- Chapter 2. Characterization Techniques and Tools 8-- 2.1. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) 8-- 2.2. Potentiostat 10-- 2.3. X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer (XPS) 12-- 2.4. X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) 14-- 2.5. Ultraviolet–Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) 15-- 2.6.Carbon filament-filled single glass microelectrode 16-- 2.7. Mechanical Acupuncture Instrument 19-- 2.8. Force transducer 21-- 2.9.Ultrasonic Vocalization(USV) 23-- 2.10. Light Microscopy 25-- 2.11. IHC (Immuno-histo-chemical) method 27-- 2.12. ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunological Assay) kit 29-- 2.13. Reference 31-- Chapter 3. Hierarchical Micro/Nano-Porous Acupuncture Needle 33-- 3.1 Introduction 33-- 3.2 Experimental Section 36-- 3.2.1 Chemicals and materials 36-- 3.2.2 Fabrication of Porous Acupucnture Needle 36-- 3.2.3 Fabrication of Porous Hand Acupuncture Needle 36-- 3.2.4 Characterization of Porous Acupuncture Needle 37 3.2.5 Characterization of Porous Hand Acupuncture Needle 37-- 3.2.6 Calculation of Specific Surface Area of Acupuncture Needle 38-- 3.2.7 Surface Analysis of Stainless Steel Acupuncture Needle 42-- 3.3 Results and Discussion 43-- 3.3.1 Morphological analysis of Porous Acupuncturee Needle 43-- 3.3.2 Specific surface area of Porous Acupuncture Needle 45-- 3.3.3 Electrochemical analysis of Porous Acupuncture Needle 45-- 3.3.4 Electrophysiological Evaluation ormance of Porous Acupuncture Needle 47-- 3.3.5 Therapeutic Performance of Porous Acupuncturee Needle 48-- 3.3.6 Morphological analysis of Porous Hand Acupuncture Needle 50-- 3.3.7 Specific surface area of Porous Hand Acupuncture Needle 51-- 3.3.8 Electrochemical analysis of Porous Hand Acupuncture Needle 52-- 3.3.9 Therapeutic Performance of Porous Hand Acupuncture Needle 53-- 3.4 Conclusions 56-- 3.5 References 59-- Chapter 4. Nanoscale Deposition of Noble Metal Particles on Acupuncture Needle 63-- 4.1 Introduction 63-- 4.2 Experimental section 64-- 4.2.1 Chemicals and materials 64-- 4.2.2 Fabrication of Noble Metal Nanoparticles Deposited Porous Hand Acupucnture Needle 65-- 4.2.3 Characterization of Noble Metal Nanoparticles Deposited Porous Hand Acupucnture Needle 66-- 4.3 Results and discussion 67-- 4.3.1 Characterization of Noble Metal Nanoparticles Deposited Acupuncture Needles 67-- 4.3.2 Therapeutic Performance of Noble Metal Nanoparticles Deposited on Hand Acupuncture Needles 74-- 4.4 Conclusions 76-- 4.5 References 77-- Chapter 5. Investigation for Manufacture of Hierarchical Micro/Nano-porous Acupucnture Needle 78-- 5.1. Introduction 78-- 5.2. Study on Influential Factors of Electrochemical Anodization 79-- 5.2.1 Voltage 79-- 5.2.2 Electrolyte Volume 80-- 5.2.3 Anodization Time 81-- 5.2.4 Reuse of Electrolyte 83-- 5.2.5 Reuse of Carbon Paper 85-- 5.3. Automation Process Equipment 87-- 5.3.1 Auto Anodizing Apparatus 87-- 5.3.2 Auto Mass Production Anodization System 91-- 5.4. Conclusions 102-- 5.5. References 103화학 치료요법 위주의 현대의학은 즉각적인 치료 효과로 수많은 인기를 끌었지만, 일시적인 효능과 부작용, 그리고, 약제 내성으로 인한 문제점을 불러일으켰다. 화학적 치료요법은 의약물질로 승인받은 3,000여개 이상의 화학종이 의약품으로 사용되고 있으며, 그 중 일부는 ‘제노바이오틱스’의 형태로 난분해성인데다 먹이 사슬을 통해 체내에 축적되어 생태계를 파괴하며, 배설물을 통해 배출되어 환경을 오염시킨다. 이러한 문제로 인해 항암제의 부작용을 치료 및 통증을 완화시켜주는 용도로 활용되던 대체보완의학 한방침이 새롭게 주목받고 있다. 침술은 기원전6,000년에서부터 뾰족한 모양의 돌, 대나무, 뼈 등의 형태의 침을 이용하여 활용되기 시작했다. 침술은 피부에 침을 삽입하는 과정에서 물리적 자극 에너지를 생체 에너지로 변환하여, 치료 효능을 보인다. 하지만, 아직 그 기전이 정확히 밝혀지지 않아 명확히 설명할 수 없으나, 한방침은 다양한 질병에서 뛰어난 효능을 보여 오랜 시간 활용되어 왔다. 이러한, 한방침이 주목받는 이유 중 하나는 약물에 의한 치료가 아닌 물리적 자극에 의한 치료로 부작용이 없는 친환경적이고, 지속가능한 치료 기술이기 때문이다. 이러한 이유로 다양한 한방침 및 이의 기술 개발이 시급한 상황이다. 이러한 시점에서 나노 기술 기반 한방침 연구는 의학계의 판도를 바꿀 새로운 한방침 기술 혁신이 될 것이다. 첫번째, 전기화학적 표면처리방법인 양극산화한 한방침은 표면에 내부로 함몰된 형태의 구멍(hole)이 다량으로 형성된 한방침이다. 이러한, 마이크로내지 나노 크기의 다공성 표면 구조는 기존의 침보다 20배 넓은 유효 표면적으로 인해 한방침 자극 세기를 향상시킨다. 이러한 넓은 표면적으로 인한 다공성 침의 치료 효능은 동물 실험에서 큰 효과를 보였다. 알코올과 코카인 같은 약물 중독에 경우, 동물 모델의 HT7 경혈 자리에 한방침을 자침함에 따른 전기생리학적 그리고, 행동학적 분석을 통해 기존의 침보다 다공성 침이 약물 금단 현상을 대폭 감소시켰다. 또한, 분자생물학적 지표의 변화 분석을 통해 다공성 침이 암세포의 성장 억제 및 제거에도 큰 효과가 있음을 증명했다. 다공성 침이 기존의 침보다 신경 생리학적 우수성을 입증했기 때문에 중증 질환에 대한 치료 가능성을 보였다. 금, 은, 백금 등 귀금속 나노 입자는 전기화학적 특성으로 인해 중요한 생체 의학분야에서 흥미로운 결과를 만들어왔다. 기존의 침과 다공성 침의 표면에 귀금속 나노 입자를 도금 시키는데 전기화학적 도금 방법이 활용되었다. 도금된 나노입자들은 기존의 다공성 침의 높은 표면적을 더 증가시켰으며 귀금속의 전기화학적 특성으로 인한 임피던스의 감소를 보였다. 이러한 특성들은 기존의 침보다 신경 세포의 반응 활성도를 증가시켰다. 최근, 알츠하이머, 중풍, 암, 루게릭병 등 4대 중증 질환에서 한방침의 효능이 입증되었다. 이는 약물에 의한 치료가 아닌 물리적 자극 에너지에 의한 치료로 부작용이 없는 지속가능한 치료법으로 기대되고 있다. 이로 인해, 나노 공법을 이용한 표면의 가공법으로 표면적을 극대화하거나 자기장, 형광, 표면 플라즈몬 등등 기능성 나노 입자로 인한 다양한 전자기학 및 양자역학적 자극 방법이 무궁무진하여 발전 가능성이 크며, 현대 의학의 한계점에 대한 새로운 돌파구가 될 것이다.MasterdCollectio

Aging of hair follicle stem cells and their niches

Hair follicles in the skin undergo cyclic rounds of regeneration, degeneration, and rest throughout life. Stem cells residing in hair follicles play a pivotal role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and hair growth cycles. Research on hair follicle aging and age-related hair loss has demonstrated that a decline in hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) activity with aging can decrease the regeneration capacity of hair follicles. This review summarizes our understanding of how age-associated HFSC intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms can induce HFSC aging and hair loss. In addition, we discuss approaches developed to attenuate ageassociated changes in HFSCs and their niches, thereby promoting hair regrowth.11Nsciescopuskc

Impact of Operating Temperature on Pattern Recognition Accuracy of Resistive Array-Based Hardware Neural Networks

In hardware neural networks (HNNs), different operating temperatures cause variation in conductance of resistive arrays, and they can significantly distort the information of the synaptic weights, leading to a considerable loss in pattern recognition accuracy. In this study, a WOx-based resistive device is characterized with varying ambient temperatures, and 1k-bit synapse arrays are evaluated. A systematic analysis of the impact of operating temperature on the array-based HNNs is executed using neural network simulations. Moreover, we propose a temperature compensator (TC) that can mitigate anomalous array behavior without modifying the readout circuitry. Our results have demonstrated successful accuracy recovery of the array-based HNN over a wide range of operating temperatures.11Nsciescopu

Compensating the impurities on the Cu surface by MOFs for enhanced hydrocarbon production in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide

Copper (Cu) provides a cost-effective means of producing value-added fuels through the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR). However, we observed the production of hydrocarbons via CO2RR on commercial Cu films is less efficient because of the surface impurities, i.e., Fe. Carbon monoxide (CO), a reaction intermediate of CO2RR to hydrocarbons, binds strongly to the Fe sites and interrupts the production of hydrocarbons, resulting in an active hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, we report a method of blocking the effect of Fe impurities on the Cu surface through the preferential growth of nano-sized metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) on Fe site. When zirconium (Zr)-based MOFs (UiO-66) forms a compensating layer on Cu film via the terephthalic acid (TPA)-Fe coordination bond, the UiO66 coated Cu film (UiO-66@Cu) presents significantly improved hydrocarbon Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 37.59% compared to 14.68% FE on commercial Cu film (99.9% purity) by suppressing HER. According to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the UiO-66 ligand binds to entire metallic Fe site on the Cu surface, while metallic Cu is retained. Thus, UiO-66@Cu provides active sites of Cu for CO2RR and leads to highly efficient and selective production of hydrocarbons. (C) 2021 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. and Science Press. All rights reserved

In-Situ Ionomer-Free Catalyst-Coated Membranes for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers

Developing a state-of-the-art anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE) for commercial H-2 production remains a great challenge and is strongly dependent on the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). Herein, we report the first facile in-situ, ionomer-free catalyst-coated membrane (modified CCM; m-CCM) fabrication method that can apply to a variety of anion exchange membranes (AEMs). This novel m-CCM method allows for the synthesis and integration of a catalyst layer (CL) between the AEM and the gas diffusion layer without anion exchange ionomers. The AEMWE fabricated by the m-CCM method using a platinum group metal-free benchmark anode catalyst exhibited superior performance compared to AEMWEs assembled by the conventional MEA fabrication methods by reducing the interfacial resistance due to the intimate contact and maximizing the catalyst utilization and demonstrated an industrially relevant current density of 1 A cm(-2) at a moderate cell voltage of 1.79 V-cell and durability over 200 h in continuous electrolysis at 50 degrees C in 1 M KOH electrolyte. In addition, it shows the current density of 500 mA cm(-2) at a cell voltage of 1.913 V-cell and a low degradation rate of 0.58 mV h(-1) for 260 h in continuous electrolysis at a current density of 250 mA cm(-2) at 50 degrees C in feeding ultrapure water

Local pH induced electrochemical CO2 reduction on nanostructured Ag for adjustable syngas composition

Carbon monoxide is an industrially significant chemical because it is an essential precursor for the Fisher-Tropsch process. However, solid fuels such as coal yield syngas with H-2 :CO ratio of similar to 0.7, which is unideal for hydrocarbon chain growth. Herein, we present electrochemical CO2 reduction to adjustable H-2/CO syngas ratio by controlling the thickness of silver nanostructure. By looking into the local species generated during the electrolysis using the in-situ ATR-FTIR, the increased amount of anions such as OH- and CO32- trapped within the porous structure, which increases with the thickness of the nanostructure, leads to an increase in local pH near the electrode surface, and thus at the expense of the HER, the CO production is promoted. As a result, syngas composition can be adjusted simply by controlling the thickness of the nanostructure. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved