Pathogen survival and host resistance in the eyespot disease of maize caused by Kabatiella zeae Narita and Hiratsuka

Twenty-two inbreds and the crosses of 3 tester lines (MS153, W64A B84) with 14 inbreds were artificially inoculated with K. zeae. Data on proportion of disease (X) for each genotype were collected periodically, transformed by the Gompertz equation (-1n - 1n(X)), and regressed on time. The k values (regression coefficients) differed statistically among genotypes. Genotypes with the largest k values had the highest levels of disease. A regression analysis of the k values on days to tasseling yielded negative regression coefficients that were significant for the inbreds and for each group of crosses with the 3 testers. Early maturing genotypes were more susceptible, yet it was clear that factors other than maturity conditioned susceptibility. The reaction of the F(,1) crosses to the disease varied according to the susceptibility of the tester lines regardless of maturity;The inbreds and hybrids were quantitatively inoculated in the greenhouse and the number of lesions/plant recorded. The greenhouse data did not correlate with the k values obtained for the genotypes in the field;The survival of K. zeae in maize residues was studied in a no-till field where eyespot inoculum was present. The residues were removed at different intervals. The disease appeared later and at lower severity in plots where infested residues were removed before planting or early in the season than in plots where residues were present on the soil the full season. Residues collected from the no-till plots and spread in a disease-free field initiated eyespot lesions only when collected early in the season (May-June). In another experiment, the disease appeared later and the initial level was lower in plots that had the lowest amount of disease the previous season. In some experiments, the early season differences in disease severity among treatments persisted until harvest and, in others, these differences disappeared as the season progressed;Infested leaf residues and laboratory cultured stromatic hyphae of K. zeae rapidly lost their potential for conidial production after several consecutive cycles of wetting and drying in the laboratory. The sporulation potential decreased to about 0.01% of the original inoculum with five cycles of wetting and drying

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium report, data summary of 50 countries for 2010-2015: Device-associated module

•We report INICC device-associated module data of 50 countries from 2010-2015.•We collected prospective data from 861,284 patients in 703 ICUs for 3,506,562 days.•DA-HAI rates and bacterial resistance were higher in the INICC ICUs than in CDC-NHSN's.•Device utilization ratio in the INICC ICUs was similar to CDC-NHSN's. Background: We report the results of International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2010-December 2015 in 703 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific. Methods: During the 6-year study period, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Healthcare Safety Network (CDC-NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 861,284 patients hospitalized in INICC hospital ICUs for an aggregate of 3,506,562 days. Results: Although device use in INICC ICUs was similar to that reported from CDC-NHSN ICUs, DA-HAI rates were higher in the INICC ICUs: in the INICC medical-surgical ICUs, the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection, 4.1 per 1,000 central line-days, was nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.8 per 1,000 central line-days reported from comparable US ICUs, the overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher, 13.1 versus 0.9 per 1,000 ventilator-days, as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection, 5.07 versus 1.7 per 1,000 catheter-days. From blood cultures samples, frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (29.87% vs 10%) and to imipenem (44.3% vs 26.1%), and of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (73.2% vs 28.8%) and to imipenem (43.27% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC ICUs compared with CDC-NHSN ICUs. Conclusions: Although DA-HAIs in INICC ICU patients continue to be higher than the rates reported in CDC-NSHN ICUs representing the developed world, we have observed a significant trend toward the reduction of DA-HAI rates in INICC ICUs as shown in each international report. It is INICC's main goal to continue facilitating education, training, and basic and cost-effective tools and resources, such as standardized forms and an online platform, to tackle this problem effectively and systematically