2 research outputs found
The use of range, behaviour, nearest neighbour distance and feather condition of commercial free-range laying hens
This thesis is based on the evidence of the use of range by laying hens from two
separate studies that were carried out on commercial flocks. The first study
involved a direct observation of 6 flocks of laying hens whereas the second study
was carried out on a single flock of laying hens using a still digital camera.
Mapping of the outdoor range into three zones, namely; apron (0-10metres),
enriched (10-50metres) and range (beyond 50metres), was carried out in both
studies determine whether it influenced the distribution, behaviour, nearest
neighbour distance (NND) and feather condition of the hens.
Based on the estimates of the total number of hens recorded outdoors, it was found
that 14.5% of the hens used the range in the first study, with 6.0% of the hens seen
in the apron, 4.8% in the enriched and the remaining 3.7% in the outer range zone.
This ranging pattern was further confirmed by the quadrat head counts, where the
hens used the apron most but showed a significant decrease in the use of other
outdoor zones as distance increased from the shed (p < 0.001). The results of the
two studies showed that range use peaked in the morning and decreased
significantly in the afternoon (p < 0.001). Range use was found to increase
significantly with age (p < 0.001) in the first study, although there was a significant
decrease in the number of hens outside the shed as the flocks got larger (p < 0.001).
The age effect reported in the six-flock study was complemented by the significant
positive effect of the week of outdoor access on the ability of the hens to use the
range (p < 0.001) in the single flock study. Range use increased as outdoor
temperature rose in the six-flock study whereas increased outdoor temperature
resulted in a decline in range use in the single flock study. NND of the hens was
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measured in the six-flock study and was found to decrease significantly towards
the shed (p < 0.001) and as the hens aged (p < 0.001). There was evidence that the
use of distant and less crowded outdoor locations by the hens in the first study
was associated with improved feather conditions.
The evidence presented in the two studies presented in this thesis showed that the
hens were unevenly distributed in the range, with reduced hen density (hen/m2)
towards the outer range and that an improvement in the use of distant parts of the
range may have beneficial effects on the hens
Ranging behaviour of commercial free-range laying hens
Simple Summary: Commercial free-range production has become a significant sector of the fresh
egg market due to legislation banning conventional cages and consumer preference for products
perceived as welfare friendly, as access to outdoor range can lead to welfare benefits such as greater
freedom of movement and enhanced behavioural opportunities. This study investigated dispersal
patterns, feather condition and activity of laying hens in three distinct zones of the range area; the
apron area near shed; enriched zone 10β50 m from shed; and outer range beyond 50 m, in six flocks
of laying hens under commercial free-range conditions varying in size between 4000 and
24,000 hens. Each flock was visited for four days to record number of hens in each zone, their
behaviour, feather condition and nearest neighbour distances (NND), as well as record temperature
and relative humidity during the visit. Temperature and relative humidity varied across the study
period in line with seasonal variations and influenced the use of range with fewer hens out of shed
as temperature fell or relative humidity rose. On average, 12.5% of the hens were observed on the
range and most of these hens were recorded in the apron zone as hen density decreased rapidly
with increasing distance from the shed. Larger flocks appeared to have a lower proportion of hens
on range. The hens used the range more in the early morning followed by a progressive decrease
through to early afternoon. The NND was greatest in the outer range and decreased towards the
shed. Feather condition was generally good and hens observed in the outer range had the best
overall feather condition. Standing, pecking, walking and foraging were the most commonly
recorded behaviours and of these, standing occurred most in the apron whereas walking and
foraging behaviours were recorded most in the outer range. This study supported the findings of
previous studies that reported few hens in the range and greater use of areas closer to the shed in
free-range flocks. This study suggests that hens in the outer range engaged more in walking and
foraging activities and showed signs of better welfare than those closer to the shed.
Abstract: In this study, the range use and behaviour of laying hens in commercial free-range flocks
was explored. Six flocks were each visited on four separate days and data collected from their
outdoor area (divided into zones based on distance from shed and available resources). These were:
apron (0β10 m from shed normally without cover or other enrichments); enriched belt (10β50 m
from shed where resources such as manmade cover, saplings and dust baths were provided); and
outer range (beyond 50 m from shed with no cover and mainly grass pasture). Data collection
consisted of counting the number of hens in each zone and recording behaviour, feather condition
and nearest neighbour distance (NND) of 20 birds per zone on each visit day. In addition, we used
techniques derived from ecological surveys to establish four transects perpendicular to the shed,
running through the apron, enriched belt and outer range. Number of hens in each 10 m Γ 10 m
quadrat was recorded four times per day as was the temperature and relative humidity of the outer
range. On average, 12.5% of hens were found outside. Of these, 5.4% were found in the apron; 4.3%
in the enriched zone; and 2.8% were in the outer range. This pattern was supported by data from
quadrats, where the density of hens sharply dropped with increasing distance from shed.
Animals 2016, 6, x 2 of 13
Consequently, NND was greatest in the outer range, least in the apron and intermediate in the
enriched belt. Hens sampled in outer range and enriched belts had better feather condition than
those from the apron. Standing, ground pecking, walking and foraging were the most commonly
recorded activities with standing and pecking most likely to occur in the apron, and walking and
foraging more common in the outer range. Use of the outer range declined with lower temperatures
and increasing relative humidity, though use of apron and enriched belt was not affected by
variation in these measures. These data support previous findings that outer range areas tend to be
under-utilized in commercial free-range flocks and suggest positive relationships between range
use, feather condition and increased behavioural opportunities and decline in the use of range in
cold and/or damp conditions