Regulation and differences in financial institutions

First paragraph: Some regulation of financial markets is accepted even in these dirigiste times and even by those neoclassical economists who find it a struggle to explain why the market for money is different from the market for peanuts

New Data and Tools for Integrating Discrete and Continuous Population Modeling Strategies

Realistic population models have interactions between individuals. Such interactions cause populations to behave as systems with nonlinear dynamics. Much population data analysis is done using linear models assuming no interactions between individuals. Such analyses miss strong influences on population behavior and can lead to serious errors—especially for infectious diseases. To promote more effective population system analyses, we present a flexible and intuitive modeling framework for infection transmission systems. This framework will help population scientists gain insight into population dynamics, develop theory about population processes, better analyze and interpret population data, design more powerful and informative studies, and better inform policy decisions. Our framework uses a hierarchy of infection transmission system models. Four levels are presented here: deterministic compartmental models using ordinary differential equations (DE); stochastic compartmental (SC) models that relax assumptions about population size and include stochastic effects; individual event history models (IEH) that relax the SC compartmental structure assumptions by allowing each individual to be unique. IEH models also track each individual's history, and thus, allow the simulation of field studies. Finally, dynamic network (DNW) models relax the assumption of the previous models that contacts between individuals are instantaneous events that do not affect subsequent contacts. Eventually it should be possible to transit between these model forms at the click of a mouse. An example is presented dealing with Cryptosporidium . It illustrates how transiting model forms helps assess water contamination effects, evaluate control options, and design studies of infection transmission systems using nucleotide sequences of infectious agents.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75616/1/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02756.x.pd

Hydrothermally Emplaced, Lower Mississippian, Tripolitic Chert and Its Possible Relationship to the Tri-State Lead-Zinc Mining District

Across the southern Ozark Region, northern Arkansas, southwestern Missouri, and northeastern Oklahoma, exposures of the Lower Mississippian Boone Formation and its equivalents exhibit well-developed tripolitic chert that has been mined, more or less continuously, for at least 80 years. The tripolitic chert is a replacement of an interval within the basal portion of the upper Boone Formation in Arkansas and Oklahoma, and equivalent to the Elsey Formation in Missouri. The movement of silica-rich, hydrothermal fluids appears to have been much like that of a confined aquifer. It followed the basal upper Boone Formation (Arkansas) = Elsey Formation (Missouri) and was bound below by an impermeable interval at the top of the lower Boone Formation (Arkansas) = Reeds Spring Formation (Missouri), and above by the base of the upper Boone Formation (Arkansas) = Burlington-Keokuk (Missouri). The first hydrothermal event incompletely silicified the basal upper Boone = Elsey Formation. After leaching of the remnant carbonate, thus forming the tripolitic chert, a second hydrothermal event deposited terminated and doubly terminated quartz crystals, and druse in the tripolitic chert voids. This hydrothermal event may have pro-duced the Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT) lead-zinc deposits in northeast Oklahoma and southwestern Missouri. The famous deposits at Picher, Oklahoma, and Joplin, Missouri, appear to be positioned in the apparent path of the hydrothermal fluid migration. While timing of these hydrothermal events is unclear, they may reflect lateral secretion produced by the Ouachita Orogeny in the Late Pennsylvanian

Using non-homogeneous point process statistics to find multi-species event clusters in an implanted semiconductor

The Poisson distribution of event-to-ith-nearest-event radial distances is well known for homogeneous processes that do not depend on location or time. Here we investigate the case of a non-homogeneous point process where the event probability (and hence the neighbour configuration) depends on location within the event space. The particular non-homogeneous scenario of interest to us is ion implantation into a semiconductor for the purposes of studying interactions between the implanted impurities. We calculate the probability of a simple cluster based on nearest neighbour distances, and specialise to a particular two-species cluster of interest for qubit gates. We show that if the two species are implanted at different depths there is a maximum in the cluster probability and an optimum density profile

Simulating Byzantine Fault Tolerance Using Homogeneous Communication

The analysis of the UNIVAC computer is an appropriate challenge. In this work, we prove the improvement of Scheme, demonstrates the private importance of artificial intelligence. Our focus here is not on whether robots can be made em- bedded, amphibious, and random, but rather on presenting a methodology for the producer-consumer problem (Interval)