Riscritture dei “classici” tedeschi nella poesia del secondo dopoguerra

I saggi raccolti in questo volume sono dedicati alla poesia di lingua tedesca del secondo dopoguerra e, in particolare, al dialogo che in quest’epoca si avviò con quegli autori della letteratura tedesca considerati classici, la cui eredità spirituale era stata compromessa dalla strumentalizzazione e dalla propaganda nazionalsocialiste. Di qui, le domande che più volte risuonano nelle poesie: come rivitalizzare quelle idee, quei valori e quelle esperienze che avevano contribuito a plasmare quella lingua letteraria tedesca, che la storia ora aveva contaminata e infangata? Come riappropriarsi del linguaggio della poesia, come farlo riemergere e rinnovarlo alla luce di autori divenuti classici? Come liberare questa tradizione, intrappolata per anni nelle morse ideologiche nazionaliste

Administrative and Judicial Collective Enforcement of Consumer Law in the US and the European Community

In the consumer society, as it stands today in Western-type democracies, consumers have a far larger choice of products and services originating from all over the world than they did decades ago. Risks associated with products and services have also increased, as have mass problems and mass damages, often in a transborder dimension. The US and the European Community, though battling against common problems, maintain different standard setting and enforcement regimes. This paper focuses on enforcement regimes, thereby distinguishing between administrative enforcement via agencies and judicial collective enforcement via European collective actions and US class actions. The existing theoretical framework depicting administrative and judicial enforcement as alternative strategies is contrasted against modern developments in the US and the EC. In the field of consumer protection administrative control and judicial collective enforcement are being understood more as functional complements than alternatives. Enforcement covers negotiation, settlement, adjudication and arbitration. The analysis of the institutional variables determining the choice between administrative and judicial control – ex ante vs. ex post control, injunctive relief versus damages, personal injuries and economic losses, sector specificity vs. general instruments to protect consumers, public agencies vs. private organisations – provide the ground for preliminary thoughts on a revised theoretical approach