119 research outputs found

    Phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses reveal major differences between apple and pear scab nonhost resistance

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    Nonhost resistance is the outcome of most plant/pathogen interactions, but it has rarely been described in Rosaceous fruit species. Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) have a nonhost resistance to Venturia pyrina, the scab species attacking European pear (Pyrus communis L.). Reciprocally, P. communis have a nonhost resistance to Venturia inaequalis, the scab species attacking apple. The major objective of our study was to compare the scab nonhost resistance in apple and in European pear, at the phenotypic and transcriptomic levels.  Macro- and microscopic observations after reciprocal scab inoculations indicated that, after a similar germination step, nonhost apple/V. pyrina interaction remained nearly symptomless, whereas more hypersensitive reactions were observed during nonhost pear/V. inaequalis interaction. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of apple and pear nonhost interactions with V. pyrina and V. inaequalis, respectively, revealed differences. Very few differentially expressed genes were detected during apple/V. pyrina interaction, preventing the inferring of underlying molecular mechanisms. On the contrary, numerous genes were differentially expressed during pear/V. inaequalis interaction, allowing a deep deciphering. Pre-invasive defense, such as stomatal closure, could be inferred, as well as several post-invasive defense mechanisms (apoplastic reactive oxygen species accumulation, phytoalexin production and alterations of the epidermis composition). In addition, a comparative analysis between pear scab host and nonhost interactions indicated that, although specificities were observed, two major defense lines seems to be shared in these resistances: cell wall and cuticle potential modifications and phenylpropanoid pathway induction. This first deciphering of the molecular mechanisms underlying a nonhost scab resistance in pear offers new possibilities for the genetic engineering of sustainable scab resistance in this species. Concerning nonhost scab resistance in apple, further analyses must be considered with the aid of tools adapted to this resistance with very few cells engaged

    Pear biotechnology : recent progresses and future breeding applications

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    International audienc

    La transgenèse pour l'innovation variétale fruitière : état des lieux et perspectives.

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    National audienceDespite the global success of crop plant GMOs, the development of transgenic varieties is still vey limited for fruit species. Technological progresses enable genetic transformation of most fruit species. However, the efficiency of these methods is very variable, and some fruit species are still recalcitrant. Gene transfer enables modification of some traits through addition of a new gene, silencing of a gene, or modification of a gene regulation. Examples of traits which have been modified by gene transfer in fruit species include resistance to virus, bacteria and fungus diseases, tree habit, reproductive cycle and some fruit quality traits. Only one ansgenic fruit variety is presently on the market: the “Rainbow” papaya, carrying a resistance to a virus disease. The next variety presently under deregulation in USA is the transgenic plum “Honey Sweet”, resistant to sharka. Among the most promising current research topics is the possibility of reducing the duration of juvenile phase and thus of accelerating breeding cycles. Other methodological improvements now enable production of “intragenic” varieties, containing only genetic sequences from the plant itself or from one of its closely related species.En dépit du succès mondial croissant des plantes transgéniques de grandes cultures, le développement de variétés transgéniques reste extrêmement limité pour les productions fruitières. Les progrès techniques permettent aujourd’hui de transformer génétiquement la plupart des grandes espèces fruitières. Cependant l’efficacité de ces méthodes est très variable, et certaines espèces sont encore récalcitrantes. La transgenèse permet de modifier certains caractères soit en ajoutant un nouveau gène, soit en supprimant l’expression d‘un gène, soit en modifiant la régulation d’un gène. Les exemples de caractères modifiés par transgenèse chez les espèces fruitières concernent la résistance aux maladies virales, bactériennes et fongiques, le port de la plante, son cycle de reproduction et certains caractères de qualité des fruits. Une seule variété fruitière transgénique est actuellement commercialisée : la papaye « Rainbow », résistante à un virus. La prochaine variété en cours d’autorisation aux Etats-Unis est un prunier transgénique « Honey Sweet » résistant à la sharka. Parmi les pistes de recherche actuellement les plus prometteuses figure la possibilité de réduire la période juvénile et donc de raccourcir les cycles de sélection. D’autres avancées méthodologiques permettent d’envisager pour l’avenir la création de variétés « intragéniques », c'est-à-dire ne contenant que des séquences génétiques issues de la plante elle-même ou d’une espèce proche

    Au crible des gènes

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    National audienc

    Biotechnologies et amelioration du pommier et du poirier. Etat actuel des travaux de recherche

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    8 illus.National audienc

    Intérêt de l'électrophorèse pour l'identification des génotypes de pommier

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    Intérêt de l'électrophorèse pour l'identification des génotypes de pommier. 4ème Colloque sur les Recherches Fruitière

    Marqueurs genetiques chez le pommier : travaux en cours et projets

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