Atomic force microscopy of transformation toughening in ceria-stabilized zirconia.J

Abstract We demonstrate in this paper that atomic force microscopy can be successfully used to gain further insights into the understanding of transformation toughening in ceria-stabilized zirconia. Transformation was induced by stresses accumulated in the region surrounding propagating cracks in double torsion samples. The resolution provided by AFM at the surface of the samples made it possible to observe the formation of self-accommodated martensite pairs in the near crack areas. The potential for transformation is found to decrease with increasing alloying addition, and is totally suppressed for 16 mol% CeO 2 -TZP samples. A statistical analysis of the martensite pair orientation is performed, and the relationship with the applied stress and strain fields is discussed. The contribution to transformation toughening by transformation-induced plasticity occurring in the formation of martensitic variant pairs with small net shear is demonstrated. The influence of alloying addition content on the potential for transformation toughening and fracture toughness values is finally discussed

IconHK: Using Toolbar Button Icons to Communicate Keyboard Shortcuts

International audienceWe propose a novel perspective on the design of toolbar buttons that aims to increase keyboard shortcut accessibility. IconHK implements this perspective by blending visual cues that convey keyboard shortcut information into toolbar buttons without denaturing the pictorial representation of their command. We introduce three design strategies to embed the hotkey, a visual encoding to convey the modifiers, and a magnification factor that determines the blending ratio between the pictogram of the button and the visual representation of the keyboard shortcut. Two studies examine the benefits of IconHK for end-users and provide insights from professional designers on the practicality of our approach for creating iconsets. Building on these insights, we develop a tool to assist designers in applying the IconHK design principle