Nordic Homicide in Deep Time

Nordic Homicide in Deep Time draws a unique and detailed picture of developments in human interpersonal violence and presents new findings on rates, patterns, and long-term changes in lethal violence in the Nordics. Conducted by an interdisciplinary team of criminologists and historians, the book analyses homicide and lethal violence in northern Europe in two eras – the 17th century and early 21st century. Similar and continuous societal structures, cultural patterns, and legal cultures allow for long-term and comparative homicide research in the Nordic context. Reflecting human universals and stable motives, such as revenge, jealousy, honour, and material conflicts, homicide as a form of human behaviour enables long-duration comparison. By describing the rates and patterns of homicide during these two eras, the authors unveil continuity and change in human violence. Where and when did homicide typically take place? Who were the victims and the offenders, what where the circumstances of their conflicts? Was intimate partner homicide more prevalent in the early modern period than in present times? How long a time elapsed from violence to death? Were homicides often committed in the context of other crime? The book offers answers to these questions among others, comparing regions and eras. We gain a unique and empirically grounded view on how state consolidation and changing routines of everyday life transformed the patterns of criminal homicide in Nordic society. The path to pacification was anything but easy, punctuated by shorter crises of social turmoil, and high violence. The book is also a methodological experiment that seeks to assess the feasibility of long-duration standardized homicide analysis and to better understand the logic of homicide variation across space and over time. In developing a new approach for extending homicide research into the deep past, the authors have created the Historical Homicide Monitor. The new instrument combines wide explanatory scope, measurement standardization, and articulated theory expression. By retroactively expanding research data to the pre-statistical era, the method enables long-duration comparison of different periods and areas. Based on in-depth source critique, the approach captures patterns of criminal behaviour, beyond the control activity of the courts. The authors foresee the application of their approach in even remoter periods. Nordic Homicide in Deep Time helps the reader to understand modern homicide by revealing the historical continuities and changes in lethal violence. The book is written for professionals, university students and anyone interested in the history of human behaviour

PVP2004-2755 PLASTIC AND CREEP ANALYSES OF THE SUPERHEATER HEADER TUBEPLATE USING LINEAR MATCHING METHOD

ABSTRACT In 2003 ASME PVP conference, a series of numerical procedures for integrity assessment based upon recently developed Linear Matching Method were presented INTRODUCTION The integrity assessment for the high temperature response of structures, including fatigue and creep analyses, is required in the evaluation of engineering structures exposed to high temperature environment, especially for the components of power producing plants. In the past decades, British Energy Generation's R5 integrity assessment procedure The life assessment involving plasticity and creep deformation of the tubeplate lower radius, tubeplate ligaments and tube/tubeplate welds of a typical AGR superheater headers was reported in Not only the plastic mechanism, the tubeplate structures exposed to high temperature environment exhibit time dependent behaviour. Creep dwell periods exist where the temperature of some proportion of the structure lies within the creep range. In such circumstances, the mechanical loads can be relatively small but the thermal stresses ca

Electron cloud observations and cures in RHIC DISCLAIMER ELECTRON CLOUD OBSERVATIONS AND CURES IN RHIC*

Abstract OBSERVATIONS Since 2081 M I C has experienced electron cloud effects, which have Iimited the beam intensity. These include dynamic pressure rises -including pressure instabilities, tune shifts: electrons, a reduction of the stability threshold for bunches crossing the transition energy, and possibly slow emittance growth. We summarize the main observations in operation and dedicated experiments, as well as countermeasures including baking, NEG coated warm beam pipes, solenoids, bunch patterns, anti-grazing rings, pre-pumped cold beam pipes, and scrubbing. This article is a condensed version of Ref. El]. Dynamic pressure rise from electron-impact desorption after an electron cloud has been formed was the first, and still is the most common electron cloud observation in RHI

(1981) and references therein

ABSTRACT Intense laser pulses delivered to a glassy carbon (GC) surface in situ result in a transient current which depends both on electrode potential and the electrolyte solution. The transient decayed with a time constant of several hundred microseconds, much longer than the laser optical or thermal transient. The linear dependence of the transient charges on potential implies that the mechanism involves perturbation and restoration of the double layer and adsorbed ions. The charge contained in the current transient was a small (<10%) fraction of the total double layer charge indicating incomplete disruption of the double layer. In addition, the magnitude of the response is higher for surfaces with higher oxide coverage. The observations are consistent with adsorption of electrolyte cations with the strength of interaction decreasing in the order H + > Li § > Na § > K § > Et4N +. The cation interaction increases with increasing surface oxidation, probably because of interactions with surface functional groups. Understanding the structure of the electrode/solution interface is of paramount importance in investigations of electrode kinetics at carbon electrodes. It is well-known that the rich surface chemistry of carbon materials contributes to the complexity and irreproducibility of kinetic measurements. Several electrode pretreatment procedures have been proposed to alleviate this problem and obtain more controllable surface structures and faster electrode kinetics, particularly for glassy carbon (GC). These include polishing, ''2 electrochemical activation, 3-9 vacuum heating, 1~ fracturing, 2' 14-~7 and laser activation. 1~-24 Of relevance to the current report is the observation that intense laser pulses (ca. 25 MW/cm 2, 9 ns, 1064 nm) delivered to glassy carbon in situ results in a ca. 100-fold increase in the electron transfer rate for the Fe(CN)~ s/-4 couple.17'~9 Roughness changes and gross microstructural changes have been ruled out as mechanisms for the observed activation, and the rate enhancement was attributed to effective surface cleaning for the case of GC. 1~' 17 A unique feature of pulsed laser activation compared to conventional pretreatments is the ability to monitor an active surface very quickly after its creation, with microsecond time resolution if desired. The current effort was undertaken to investigate transient electrochemical phenomena initiated by laser activation, not only to learn about carbon surface properties, but also to investigate electrochemical events occurring very quickly after exposure of a reactive carbon surface to electrolyte solution. The overall objective of the work is an understanding of the factors affecting electrode kinetics on carbon electrodes and particularly the mechanism of laser activation. * Electrochemical Society Active Member. Much lower energy pulses which cause only a slight transient increase of the electrode surface temperature were employed in studies of the electrical double layer on mercury electrodes 2~-~s and more recently to probe the electrode kinetics of fast reactions. ~9' 3~ It was shown that pulsed irradiation of the electrode in supporting electrolyte solution produced current transients when the electrode was held at constant potential. ~5 Analysis of the total charge of the current transients at various potentials gives the charge vs. potential curve. This technique did not become widely accepted for routine analysis of double layer properties on mercury, mainly because the existing classical techniques 31 were simpler, cheaper, and offered superb accuracy. Opencircuit potential measurements after laser pulses, however, were successfully employed to study thermal properties of the double layer. 2828 It should be emphasized that the laser pulses used for activation of carbon electrodes have much higher power density and should be much more disruptive to the interracial region. A significant difference between mercury and solid electrodes (including carbon) lies in the fact that the surface of a solid electrode is not easily renewable. This problem significantly complicates double layer studies on carbon electrodes using classical methods? TM Differential capacity and surface tension on carbon materials were studied by Softer and co-workers ~7-44 using differential cyclic voltammerry and spatial measurements of the electrodes. In this paper we present a different approach for studying double layer properties on carbon electrodes. It is based on the application of laser pulses to probe the properties of the carbon electrode/solution interface and takes advantage of in situ surface cleaning by the laser pulse. The temperature transients generated by laser pulses with powe