The dynamic behavior and modal analysis of electric scooter

The main objective of this paper is to provide the methods and techniques to test and improve the design and manufacturing ability of electric scooter. This research study focuses on the steering mechanism, transmission mechanism and carrying structure parts. In this investigation, we will estimate the effects of flexibility of the flexible steering mechanism, transmission mechanism and carrying structure on the computation of the dynamic steering, transmission forces and responses. By using the computational ability and simulation of modern computers and CAE (Computer-Aided Engineering) softwares, the dynamic responses, dynamic stress distribution and modal tests can be calculated and performed. These data can be used as the design and manufacturing references of corresponding manufacturers. For the modal analysis, the impact hammer, data recorder, accelerometer, laser optical displacement sensor, spectrum analyzer and dynamic simulation software can be applied on the key parts of the electric scooter to perform the vibration modal and dynamic analysis

A biophysical elucidation for less toxicity of Agglutinin than Abrin-a from the Seeds of Abrus Precatorius in consequence of crystal structure

X-ray crystal structure determination of agglutinin from abrus precatorius in Taiwan is presented. The crystal structure of agglutinin, a type II ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) from the seeds of Abrus precatorius in Taiwan, has been determined from a novel crystalline form by the molecular replacement method using the coordinates of abrin-a as the template. The structure has space group P41212 with Z = 8, and been refined at 2.6 Å to R-factor of 20.4%. The root-mean-square deviations of bond lengths and angles from the standard values are 0.009 Å and 1.3°. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of agglutinin have been described and compared with those of abrin-a to a certain extent. In subsequent docking research, we found that Asn200 of abrin-a may form a critical hydrogen bond with G4323 of 28SRNA, while corresponding Pro199 of agglutinin is a kink hydrophobic residue bound with the cleft in a more compact complementary relationship. This may explain the lower toxicity of agglutinin than abrin-a, despite of similarity in secondary structure and the activity cleft of two RIPs

Crushing Strength Sampling With Minimal Damage to Taiwania (Taiwania Cryptomerioides) Using a Fractometer

The Fractometer is a device that stresses radial increment cores in the direction of the fiber to measure crushing strength, which can provide a direct wood quality indicator for structural lumber. This study analyzes the pattern of the radial variation in Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay.) trunk wood crushing strength to explore its effect on the precision and efficiency of the sampling procedure in the outer increment core zone as an alternate nondestructive sampling method. A pith-to-bark 0.5-cm caliber core was extracted at breast height (1.3 m above the ground) from each tree and was separated into individual section groups. Then individual crushing strengths were determined using the Fractometer.In this study, the variation in crushing strength in the transverse direction increased from the pith outward to the bark side. An analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used to evaluate the data. The magnitude of the radial variation in crushing strength was smaller than the tree-to-tree variation. Including samples of at least 7.2 cm, 5.4 cm, and 2.4 cm near the bark side was found to be acceptable for the assessment of wood crushing strength for trees of Type A (DBH > 27 cm), Type B (DBH = 23~27 cm), and Type C (DBH > 23 cm), respectively

Effect of Moisture Content on the Drill Resistance Value in Taiwania Plantation Wood

The effect of moisture content (MC) on the drill resistance values during desorption from a watersaturated condition of Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayta) plantation lumber was examined. Results showed that the drill resistance values tended to decrease with the decreasing of MC. Positive significant relationships were found among the MC, bulk density, and drill resistance values. This adjustment of density profiles could help the RESISTOGRAPH® to achieve a better measurement of the drill resistance profile of standing trees

Evaluation of Wood Quality of Taiwania Trees Grown with Different Thinning and Pruning Treatments Using Ultrasonic-Wave Testing

The variations of Vtree, Vlumber, MOEtree, and MOElumber in the thinning and pruning treatments showed the similar trend. Results of this study also demonstrate that the effect of silvicultural practices on wood properties can be identified with the ultrasonic-wave properties of trees. This indicates that this non-destructive ultrasonic-wave technique can be provided basic information for future management practice and wood utilization of Taiwania