The Prevalence And Severity of Periodontal Disease in Different Stages of Pregnancy and in Women Taking Oral (Contraceptive Pills) in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Background: Pregnant women   show an  increased  susceptibility to  periodontal diseases due to an exaggerated inflammatory response of gingival tissue to local irritant  factors such as ,dental plaque and calculus. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and the severity of periodontal disease at different stages of pregnancy. Subject and method: The sample consists of (125) women from  Private Clinic , Primary Health Care Centre and Maternity Hospital in Sulaimani city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq . They were divided into three main groups . Group one, which included (75) pregnant women and this group was  subdivided equally into three subgroups according to their trimester            (1st trimester , 2 nd trimester and 3 rd trimester). Group two, which included (25) women receiving oral contraceptives pills , and match in age with group1 . Group three ( control group), which included 25 women , and match in age with group 1 and group 2 , and the following parameters were measured : Plaque index ( PL1); Ginigival index ( G1) ; periodontal pocket depth ( PPD);Bleeding on probing(BOP); Gingival Crevicular fluid(GCF). Results: The  results showed high prevalence of gingivitis .The highest mean score of ( GI) was found in the pregnancy group ; less in oral contraceptive group, and finally the control group .Comparison between the (3) main groups showed significant difference.(p<0.05 ) . GCF showed the same pattern as PLI and GI, and the total mean score was highest in the pregnancy group ; less in oral contraceptive group and finally the control group. Comparison between the 3 main groups declared significant difference ( p<0.05) similar to the PLI and GI.       The highest percentage of PPD was mostly found in the pregnancy group and less in contraceptive group .Comparison between the( 3) main groups showed high significant difference, while between pregnancy and oral contraceptive decleared significant difference   ( P< 0.05 ). The   high percentage of bleeding on probing   ( score 1) was found in the pregnancy group, followed by oral contraceptive and finally the control group. There was no prevalence of pregnancy tumor ( pregnancy epulis ) in the three subgroups of pregnant women . Conclusion: Major changes in clinical parameters   ( PLI, GL, BOP, PPD, and GCF ) occurred during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters and to a lesser extent during contraceptio

Effects of Curcumin and Tetracycline Gel on Experimental Induced Periodontitis as an Anti-Inflammatory, Osteogenesis Promoter and Enhanced Bone Density through Altered Iron Levels: Histopathological Study

Adjunctive use of antimicrobials with scaling and root planing (SRP) is necessary to better eradicate dental biofilm. Tetracycline (T) is the most commonly used antimicrobial; however, it has limitations. This study evaluates the effect of curcumin (CU) as adjunct to SRP on inflammatory markers, collagen fiber deposition, and altered iron level. A total of 32 Wistar rats were divided into five groups: no experimental periodontitis (healthy control), experimental periodontitis (EPD), EPD treated with SRP alone (SRP), EPD treated with SRP+T (SRP+T), and EPD treated with SRP+CU (SRP+CU). After 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, tissue samples were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin, and special stains (Perls&rsquo; stain and Masson&rsquo;s Trichrome) for counting of inflammatory cells, angiogenesis, collagen fibers, and iron deposition. Significant reductions in inflammatory cells infiltration and alveolar bone resorption with angiogenesis and collagen fibers deposition were detected after 2 and 4 weeks in both SRP+T and SRP+CU groups. SRP+CU resulted in a significant reduction in osteoclast numbers (week 2) and iron deposition (week 4) in bone trabeculae as compared to SRP and SRP+T groups. The adjunctive use of CU showed comparable results to T in the reduction in inflammation and bone resorption. Furthermore, CU has potential osteogenesis and healing effects

Efficacy of Curcumin Gel on Zinc, Magnesium, Copper, IL-1β, and TNF-α in Chronic Periodontitis Patients

Curcumin exhibits antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects and has been suggested as a treatment for inflammatory diseases. The study is aimed at evaluating the effect of curcumin gel on serum levels of micronutrients (zinc, copper, and magnesium) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) in chronic periodontitis patients. Ninety subjects with an age of 25-54 were included in this study. From the total number, 30 subjects with healthy periodontium (control group) (mean age=37.30±7.08) were employed for the sole purpose of obtaining the normal mean values of clinical, chemical, and immunological parameters, and 60 with chronic periodontitis (mean age=36.73±6.22) were divided randomly into 2 groups, of which each group included 30 subjects. Group A received scaling and root planing SRP and curcumin gel injection covered by Coe pack for 7 days, and group B received SRP alone covered by Coe pack. Clinical parameters (plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss measurements) and blood samples were collected before and after 1 month of treatment to measure serum levels of zinc, copper, magnesium, IL-1β, and TNF-α. The results showed significant micronutrient alteration and increase of proinflammatory cytokines in the chronic periodontitis group as compared to healthy control (P≤0.05), and curcumin gel had a significant effect on the reduction of IL-1β, TNF-α, copper, and clinical parameters (P≤0.05) and increase of zinc and magnesium levels after 1 month as compared to baseline (P≤0.05), nearly the same pattern for group B but with nonsignificant differences for Zn (P>0.05). In conclusion, curcumin gel resulted in a more significant reduction in clinical parameters, inflammatory mediators, and copper and increase of zinc and magnesium levels as compared to SRP alone

Effect of scaling and root planing on salivary alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase in patients with chronic periodontitis

Background: Chronic periodontitis affects the supporting structures of the dentition, namely, the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone; it arises from interactions between the host and around 700 bacterial taxa in the subgingival microbiota, and the host responses include production of different enzymes that released by stromal, epithelial, inflammatory, or bacterial cells. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of scaling and root planing on the activity level of salivary alkaline and acid phosphatase (ACP) in patients with chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 60 patients, 40 were with chronic periodontitis and 20 were controlled with healthy periodontium. Scaling and root planing were conducted for periodontitis patients, and saliva samples were collected at baseline before treatment and after 2, 4, and 6 weeks of periodontal therapy and from control patients to estimate the activity levels of alkaline and ACP. Results: Scaling and root planing resulted in significant reduction of plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, pocket depth, and clinical attachment level after 4 weeks of treatment (P < 0.01) and also reduction of activity levels of alkaline and ACP after 2 weeks of treatment and continued into 4 weeks as compared to baseline before treatment (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). Conclusion: The activity levels of both enzymes were reduced gradually after scaling and root planing due to the reduction of inflammatory reaction and healing of periodontal tissue, so both enzymes can be used as a biomarker for periodontitis diagnosis, treatment responses, and follow-up

Effects of Curcumin and Tetracycline Gel on Experimental Induced Periodontitis as an Anti-Inflammatory, Osteogenesis Promoter and Enhanced Bone Density through Altered Iron Levels: Histopathological Study

Adjunctive use of antimicrobials with scaling and root planing (SRP) is necessary to better eradicate dental biofilm. Tetracycline (T) is the most commonly used antimicrobial; however, it has limitations. This study evaluates the effect of curcumin (CU) as adjunct to SRP on inflammatory markers, collagen fiber deposition, and altered iron level. A total of 32 Wistar rats were divided into five groups: no experimental periodontitis (healthy control), experimental periodontitis (EPD), EPD treated with SRP alone (SRP), EPD treated with SRP+T (SRP+T), and EPD treated with SRP+CU (SRP+CU). After 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, tissue samples were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin, and special stains (Perls’ stain and Masson’s Trichrome) for counting of inflammatory cells, angiogenesis, collagen fibers, and iron deposition. Significant reductions in inflammatory cells infiltration and alveolar bone resorption with angiogenesis and collagen fibers deposition were detected after 2 and 4 weeks in both SRP+T and SRP+CU groups. SRP+CU resulted in a significant reduction in osteoclast numbers (week 2) and iron deposition (week 4) in bone trabeculae as compared to SRP and SRP+T groups. The adjunctive use of CU showed comparable results to T in the reduction in inflammation and bone resorption. Furthermore, CU has potential osteogenesis and healing effects