Dicyanomethylene-quinoid vs. dicyanovinyl-benzenoid organic semiconductors: Understanding structure-property correlations in mesomerism-like forms

Understanding two mesomerism-like forms (quinoid vs. benzenoid structures) over organic semiconductors (OSCs) is essential for achieving high electronic device performance. Herein, we report the synthesis as well as the comparative physicochemical, microstructural, and charge-transporting analysis of dicyanomethylene-quinoid versus dicyanovinyl-benzenoid OSCs based on benzo[1,2-b: 4,5-b'] dithiophene (BDT) units (DCM-Q-BDT and DCV-B-BDT). The electron-deficient nature of the quinoid structure in DCM-Q-BDT can lower the LUMO level and bandgap relative to the benzenoid analogy DCV-B-BDT. Top-gate/bottom-contact (TG/BC) field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on DCM-Q-BDT show not only the maximum electron mobility up to 0.23 cm(2)/V.s without requiring post-annealing treatments, but also demonstrate excellent air stability (half-life times of drain current approximate to 35 h) without any encapsulation. The superior n-channel performance for DCM-Q-BDT is due to the anisotropic orientation, high degree of the crystallinity, and low-lying LUMO induced by the quinoid structure. Our study shows underlying structure-property relationships in quinoid over benzenoid OSCs while demonstrating promise in n-channel OFETs.clos

Melatonin mitigates cold-induced damage to pepper seedlings by promoting redox homeostasis and regulating antioxidant profiling

This study assessed the influence of exogenous ME in the mitigation of cold damage in pepper seedlings. Melatonin (ME) is a dynamic molecule that helps plants cope with stress in several ways. Cold stress (CS) is one of the most important environmental factors that restrict plant growth and yield. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a valuable commercial crop, highly sensitive to CS. Thus, identifying an efficient strategy to mitigate cold damage is critical for long-term pepper production. For this purpose, the roots of pepper seedlings were pretreated with ME (5 μmol · L−1) and exposed to CS for 7 d. The results indicated that CS suppressed pepper growth, hampered photosynthetic capacity, and damaged root architecture in pepper plants. In contrast, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), proline, and soluble sugars were enhanced in plants under CS. ME (5 μmol · L−1) pretreatment reduced the negative effects of CS by recovering plant growth, root traits, gas exchange elements, and pigment molecules compared to CS control treatment. Furthermore, ME application efficiently reduced oxidative stress markers [hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide ion (O2·–), EL, and MDA] while increasing proline and soluble sugar content in pepper leaves. ME application combined with CS further increased antioxidant enzymes and related gene expression. Collectively, our results confirmed the mitigating potential of ME supplementation for CS by maintaining pepper seedling growth, improving the photosynthesis apparatus, regulating pigments, and osmolyte content