Thermal management performances of PCM/water cooling-plate using for lithium-ion battery module based on non-uniform internal heat source

In order to improve the working performance of the lithium-ion battery, the battery module with Phase change material/water cooling-plate was designed and numerically analyzed based on the energy conservation and fluid dynamics. The non-uniform internal heat source based on 2D electro-thermal model for battery LiFePO4/C was used to simulate the heat generation of each battery. Then factors such as height of water cooling-plate, space between adjacent batteries, inlet mass flow rate, flow direction, thermal conductivity and melting point of PCM were discussed to research their influences on the cooling performance of module. And the 5 continuous charge-discharge cycles was used to research the effect of PCM/water cooling plate on preventing thermal runaway. The results showed that the water cooling plate set close to the near-electrode area of battery removed the majority of heat generated during discharging and decreased the maximum temperature efficiently. The PCM between the adjacent batteries could improve the uniformity of temperature field. In addition, the PCM/water cooling plate could limit the maximum temperature effectively and improve the uniformity of temperature field during the 5 continuous charge-discharge cycles. As a result, it prevented the emergence of thermal runaway and increased the safety of module. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Investigation of thermal management for lithium-ion pouch battery module based on phase change slurry and mini channel cooling plate

In this paper, the thermal management based on phase change slurry (PCS) and mini channel cooling plate for the lithium-ion pouch battery module was proposed. The three-dimensional thermal model was established and the optimum structure of the cooling plate with mini channel was designed with the orthogonal matrix experimental method to balance the cooling performance and energy consumption. The simulation results showed that the cooling performance of PCS consisting of 20% n-octadecane microcapsules and 80% water was better than that of pure water, glycol solution and mineral oil, when the mass flow rate was less than 3 x 10(-4) kg s(-1). For different concentrations of PCS, if the mass flow rate exceeded the critical value, its cooling performance was worse than that of pure water. When the cooling target for battery maximum temperature was higher than 309 K, the PCS cooling with appropriate microcapsule concentration had the edge over in energy consumption compared with water cooling. At last, the dimensionless empirical formula was obtained to predict the effect of the PCS's physical parameters and flow characteristics on the heat transfer and cooling performance. The simulation results will be useful for the design of PCS based battery thermal management systems. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Proteomic Analysis of Rhesus Macaque Brain Explants Treated With Borrelia burgdorferi Identifies Host GAP-43 as a Potential Factor Associated With Lyme Neuroborreliosis

BackgroundLyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is one of the most dangerous manifestations of Lyme disease, but the pathogenesis and inflammatory mechanisms are not fully understood.MethodsCultured explants from the frontal cortex of rhesus monkey brain (n=3) were treated with live Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 6, 12, and 24 h. Total protein was collected for sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. In addition, changes in protein expression in the explants over time following Bb treatment were screened.ResultsWe identified 1237 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs; fold change ≥1.5 or ≤0.67, P-value ≤0.05). One of these, growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), was highly expressed at all time points in the explants. The results of the protein-protein interaction network analysis of DEPs suggested that GAP-43 plays a role in the neuroinflammation associated with LNB. In HMC3 cells incubated with live Bb or PBS for 6, 12, and 24 h, real-time PCR and western blot analyses confirmed the increase of GAP-43 mRNA and protein, respectively.ConclusionsElevated GAP-43 expression is a potential marker for LNB that may be useful for diagnosis or treatment

Performance of Ice Generation System Using Supercooled Water with a Directed Evaporating Method

Ice slurry is widely used in the field of ice storage air conditioning, district cooling, seafood preservation, and milk processing. Ice generation using supercooled water is efficient, and the system structure is compact. However, a secondary refrigerant cycle is usually used in order to control the wall temperature and to prevent the “ice blocking” problem. Therefore, an ice generation system using supercooled water with a directed evaporating method is proposed and fabricated in order to improve the system performance, which is tested in the experiment. Then, two calculation methods are used to study the performance of entire ice generation system. We concluded that: (1) The system could run steady without “ice blocking” in the condition where the supercooled water temperature was higher than 271.7 K and the velocity was more than 2.1 m/s. The entire system COP could reach 1.6 when the condenser temperature was about 319 K. (2) The system COP could be improved by about 20% if the compressor output power was based on the theoretical refrigerant cycle. The system COP could reach about 2.5 if the proportion of extra power was 3% and the condenser temperature was 308 K. (3) The system COP with a directed evaporating method was about 14% higher than that with an indirected evaporating method. (4) An orthogonal test was built to quantify the influence of different critical parameters. The influence of factors on the system COP were as follows: condenser temperature > water flow > adiabatic compressibility > refrigerant. This work provided a good look at the performance of an ice generation system using supercooled water with a directed evaporating method. It can play an important role in guiding the design of a system of ice generation using supercooled water

Performance of Ice Generation System Using Supercooled Water with a Directed Evaporating Method

Ice slurry is widely used in the field of ice storage air conditioning, district cooling, seafood preservation, and milk processing. Ice generation using supercooled water is efficient, and the system structure is compact. However, a secondary refrigerant cycle is usually used in order to control the wall temperature and to prevent the "ice blocking " problem. Therefore, an ice generation system using supercooled water with a directed evaporating method is proposed and fabricated in order to improve the system performance, which is tested in the experiment. Then, two calculation methods are used to study the performance of entire ice generation system. We concluded that: (1) The system could run steady without "ice blocking " in the condition where the supercooled water temperature was higher than 271.7 K and the velocity was more than 2.1 m/s. The entire system COP could reach 1.6 when the condenser temperature was about 319 K. (2) The system COP could be improved by about 20% if the compressor output power was based on the theoretical refrigerant cycle. The system COP could reach about 2.5 if the proportion of extra power was 3% and the condenser temperature was 308 K. (3) The system COP with a directed evaporating method was about 14% higher than that with an indirected evaporating method. (4) An orthogonal test was built to quantify the influence of different critical parameters. The influence of factors on the system COP were as follows: condenser temperature > water flow > adiabatic compressibility > refrigerant. This work provided a good look at the performance of an ice generation system using supercooled water with a directed evaporating method. It can play an important role in guiding the design of a system of ice generation using supercooled water

Research progress of mobile cold storage using ice slurry

The demand for cooling, such as that of products, spaces, and processes, has increased with the development of urbanization. Cold storage can shift the valley time of electric power to cold energy. Compared to the fixed cold storage routine, mobile cold storage can eliminate site limitations. Ice slurry, as a new functional fluid, has recently become a new source of technology in our social lives. First, the research status of ice slurry mobile cold storage is summarized. Applications in the engineering field, such as space cooling, fisheries, pipeline cleaning, firefighting, and other real scenarios, are listed. Subsequently, key issues are summarized to understand the theoretical basis of ice slurry mobile cold storage, including flow, heat transfer, and loss in the mobile cold storage process-related ice slurry. Both tap water ice slurry and binary ice slurry are distinguished and discussed. Finally, beneficial policy analyses and market prospects for its promotion are presented. In summary, ice slurry mobile cold storage is a popular research topic with broad prospects for energy storage

Non-uniform effect on the thermal/aging performance of Lithium-ion pouch battery

Non-uniform distribution of current density and temperature is inevitable especially in high C-rate and it can lead to bad performance of battery. Therefore, the non-uniform effect (non-uniform temperature, current density and aging) on the pouch battery performance is studied with experiment and simulation. A new method, which measures the direct current resistance (DCR) based on the discharge curve, is proposed to get more detail of resistance variation. The measurement shows that the resistance of Lithium ion pouch battery with non-uniform temperature is similar to that of average temperature. Then, effect of non-uniform aging is simulated based on the electro-thermal coupled model. It is found that battery suffering non-uniform aging has smaller discharging capacity relatively. The main cause for the discharge capacity reduction between the uniform and non-uniform aging battery is the big difference of local stoichiometry of cathode electrode theta(LiFePO4). The capacity reduction in 1 C rate occupies about 6% of the permissible capacity loss. Finally, tabs of battery are changed in order to acquire uniform temperature distribution. Battery whose tabs are put on the middle of the top side and the bottom side has a better performance in the opinion of thermal analysis. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Electrical and thermal interplay in lithium-ion battery internal short circuit and safety protection

The safety of lithium-ion battery provokes public concern with its wide application. Considering the electrical and thermal interplay between different parts or layers, a multilayer electro-thermal model is developed to investigate the performance in internal short-circuit (ISC) case before the trigger of thermal runaway. The battery internal short circuit is assumed to occur under natural convection condition and the initial temperature is 25 degrees C. In comparison, the simulation result agrees with the experimental data. It is found that the short-circuit performance is quite sensitive to the number of layer and short-circuit location. The current almost triples when the number of layer increases from 2 to 32. Moreover, weakening the electrical and thermal interplay between different layers can make the battery more secure in Al-anode ISC case. It is proposed that adding extra resistance on two adjacent metal tabs or changing tabs' position can improve the safety. Novelty Statement Electrical and thermal interplay between different layers is considered. Adding extra resistance between different unit layers protects battery from ISC. Weakening the electrical and thermal interplay between layers is recommended

Risk evaluation of internal short circuit for lithium-ion battery based on an active protection method

Internal short circuit (ISC) can lead to thermal runaway and even cause fire. But the traditional passive methods cannot prevent the ISC before it occurs. The active protection method is proposed based on the evaluation of the ISC risk. An evaluation model is built based on the electrochemical model and solved with the Monte-Carlo method. Then, the model is verified with experimental data. The simulation result agrees with the experimental data of accelerated cycle life. Next, the effect of different factors on the probability of ISC risk is studied. It is found that (a) the variation trend of the probability of ISC risk with cycle number is nonlinear. The critical cycle number exists in the long-time use of the battery. (b) The probability increment of ISC risk becomes apparent when the charge rate reaches a critical value. (c) Battery temperature plays a great role in the critical cycle number. A lower temperature reduces the critical cycle number. (d) Effect of factors on the probability of ISC risk is listed as follows: charge rate > cycle number > battery temperature. With the help of the active protection method, ISC risk can be predicted before ISC occurs