19 research outputs found
Electroweak Splitting Functions and High Energy Showering
We derive the electroweak (EW) collinear splitting functions for the Standard
Model, including the massive fermions, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson. We
first present the splitting functions in the limit of unbroken SU(2)xU(1) and
discuss their general features in the collinear and soft-collinear regimes. We
then systematically incorporate EW symmetry breaking (EWSB), which leads to the
emergence of additional "ultra-collinear" splitting phenomena and naive
violations of the Goldstone-boson Equivalence Theorem. We suggest a
particularly convenient choice of non-covariant gauge (dubbed "Goldstone
Equivalence Gauge") that disentangles the effects of Goldstone bosons and gauge
fields in the presence of EWSB, and allows trivial book-keeping of leading
power corrections in the VEV. We implement a comprehensive, practical EW
showering scheme based on these splitting functions using a Sudakov evolution
formalism. Novel features in the implementation include a complete accounting
of ultra-collinear effects, matching between shower and decay, kinematic
back-reaction corrections in multi-stage showers, and mixed-state evolution of
neutral bosons (gamma/Z/h) using density-matrices. We employ the EW showering
formalism to study a number of important physical processes at O(1-10 TeV)
energies. They include (a) electroweak partons in the initial state as the
basis for vector-boson-fusion; (b) the emergence of "weak jets" such as those
initiated by transverse gauge bosons, with individual splitting probabilities
as large as O(30%); (c) EW showers initiated by top quarks, including Higgs
bosons in the final state; (d) the occurrence of O(1) interference effects
within EW showers involving the neutral bosons; and (e) EW corrections to new
physics processes, as illustrated by production of a heavy vector boson (W')
and the subsequent showering of its decay products.Comment: 67 pages, 12 figures; v2, published in JHEP, some expanded
discussions and other minor revision
Light Dark Matter Showering under Broken Dark -- Revisited
It was proposed recently that different chiralities of the dark matter (DM)
fermion under a broken dark U(1) gauge group can lead to distinguishable
signatures at the LHC through shower patterns, which may reveal the mass origin
of the dark sector. We study this subject further by examining the dark shower
of two simplified models, the dubbed Chiral Model and the Vector Model. We
derive a more complete set of collinear splitting functions with power
corrections, specifying the helicities of the initial DM fermion and including
the contribution from an extra degree of freedom, the dark Higgs boson. The
dark shower is then implemented with these splitting functions, and the new
features resulting from its correct modelling are emphasized. It is shown that
the DM fermion chirality can be differentiated by measuring dark shower
patterns, especially the DM jet energy profile, which is almost independent of
the DM energy.Comment: 18 pages, 6 figure
Electroweak Splitting Functions and High Energy Showering
We derive the electroweak (EW) collinear splitting functions for the Standard Model, including the massive fermions, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson. We first present the splitting functions in the limit of unbroken SU(2) × U(1) and discuss their general features in the collinear and soft-collinear regimes. These are the leading contributions at a splitting scale (kT) far above the EW scale (v). We then systematically incorporate EW symmetry breaking (EWSB), which leads to the emergence of additional “ultra-collinear” splitting phenomena and naive violations of the Goldstone-boson Equivalence Theorem. We suggest a particularly convenient choice of non-covariant gauge (dubbed “Goldstone Equivalence Gauge”) that disentangles the effects of Goldstone bosons and gauge fields in the presence of EWSB, and allows trivial book-keeping of leading power corrections in v/kT. We implement a comprehensive, practical EW showering scheme based on these splitting functions using a Sudakov evolution formalism. Novel features in the implementation include a complete accounting of ultra-collinear effects, matching between shower and decay, kinematic back-reaction corrections in multi-stage showers, and mixed-state evolution of neutral bosons (gamma/Z/h) using density-matrices. We employ the EW showering formalism to study a number of important physical processes at O(1-10 TeV) energies. They include (a) electroweak partons in the initial state as the basis for vector-boson-fusion; (b) the emergence of "weak jets" such as those initiated by transverse gauge bosons, with individual splitting probabilities as large as O(35%); (c) EW showers initiated by top quarks, including Higgs bosons in the final state; (d) the occurrence of O(1) interference effects within EW showers involving the neutral bosons; and (e) EW corrections to new physics processes, as illustrated by production of a heavy vector boson (W') and the subsequent showering of its decay products
Helicity amplitudes without gauge cancellation for electroweak processes
We introduce 5-component representation of weak bosons, W and Z bosons of the
standard model. The first four components make a Lorentz four vector,
representing the transverse and longitudinal polarizations excluding the scalar
component of the weak bosons. Its fifth component corresponds to the Goldstone
boson. We show that this description can be extended to off-shell weak bosons,
with the component propagators, and prove that exactly the same
scattering amplitudes are obtained by making use of the BRST
(Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin) identities among two sub-amplitudes connected by
one off-shell weak boson line in the unitary gauge. By replacing all weak boson
vertices with those among the 5-component wavefunctions, we arrive at the
expression of the electroweak scattering amplitudes, where the magnitude of
each Feynman amplitude has the correct on-shell limits for all internal
propagators, and hence with no artificial gauge cancellation among diagrams. We
implement the 5-component weak boson propagators and their vertices in the
numerical helicity amplitude calculation code HELAS (Helicity Amplitude
Subroutines), so that an automatic amplitude generation program such as
MadGraph can generate the scattering amplitudes without gauge cancellation. We
present results for several high-energy scattering processes where subtle
gauge-theory cancellation among diagrams takes place in all the other known
approaches.Comment: 32 pages, 14 figures, 9 tables; v2: references adde
Helicity amplitudes in light-cone and Feynman-diagram gauges
Recently proposed Feynman-diagram (FD) gauge propagator for massless and
massive gauge bosons is obtained from a light-cone (LC) gauge propagator, by
choosing the gauge vector along the opposite direction of the gauge boson
three-momentum. We implement a general LC gauge propagator for all the gauge
bosons of the Standard Model (SM) in the HELicity Amplitude Subroutines (HELAS)
codes, such that all the SM helicity amplitudes can be evaluated at the tree
level in the LC gauge by using MadGraph. We confirm that our numerical codes
produce physical helicity amplitudes which are consistent among all gauge
choices. We then study interference patterns among Feynman amplitudes, for a
few scattering processes in QED and QCD, and the process
followed by the decays. We find that in a
generic LC gauge, where all the gauge boson propagators share a common gauge
vector, we cannot remove the off-shell current components which grow with their
energy systematically from all the Feynman amplitudes in processes. On
the other hand, the LC gauge propagator for the weak bosons removes
components which grow with energy due to the longitudinal polarization mode of
the external bi-fermion currents, and hence can give weak boson
scattering amplitudes which are free from subtle cancellation at high energies.
The particular choice of the FD gauge vector has advantages over generic LC
gauge, not only because all the terms which grow with energy of off-shell and
on-shell currents are removed systematically from all the diagrams, but also
because no artificial gauge vector direction dependence of individual
amplitudes appears.Comment: 20 pages, 14 figures; references adde