3,5-Di-O-benzoyl-1,2-O-isopropyl­idene-α-d-ribo-hexos-3-ulo-1,4:3,6-difuran­ose

The title compound, C23H22O8, is a binary benzoyl ester whose nucleus consists of a fused system made up of a methyl­enedi­oxy ring and two tetra­hydro­furan rings. One of the benzoyl ester groups is attached at the junction of the two tetra­hydro­furan rings. The other is attached to the outer tetra­furan ring. Both the benzoyl ester groups are in an axial conformation with respect to the outer tetrhydro­furan ring. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by two weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a chain running parallel to the a axis

Ammonia and Greenhouse Gases Concentrations and Emissions of a Naturally Ventilated Laying Hen House in Northeast China

This study quantifies concentrations and emission rates (ER) of ammonia (NH3) and greenhouse gases (GHG) including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from a naturally ventilated cage layer (Hy-Line brown strain) house with daily manure removal, located in northeast China during four seasons of one year, with each monitoring episode lasting five consecutive days. Gaseous concentrations of background and exhaust air were measured using an infrared photoacoustic multi-gas monitor with a multi-channel sampler. Building ventilation rate (VR) was determined by CO2 mass balance using literature metabolic rate data for modern laying hens. Both gas concentrations and ER showed considerable diurnal and seasonal variations. Annual mean (±SD) ER of NH3, CO2, CH4, and N2O for the monitored layer house were, in mg d-1 bird-1, 129 ±40.3, 78,250 ±15,384, 112 ±56.5, and 9.4 ±2.5, respectively, or in g d-1 AU-1 (AU = 500 kg live body weight), 33.4 ±11.4, 19,975 ±3,071, 29.2 ±15.2, and 2.5 ±0.7, respectively. Ammonia ER from the current study was within the ranges of values reported for high-rise houses with annual manure removal and manure-belt houses with daily manure removal. Results of the study contribute to improving ammonia and GHG emissions inventory for animal feeding operations in China and worldwide

Carbon and Nitrogen Budget of Commercial Cage-Grown Broilers

Understanding the fate of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) inputs and outputs from commercial broiler operations is important for increasing the flock C and N efficiency and reducing gaseous emissions. This study was conducted to determine the C and N balance for broiler chickens grown in cages from day old to 42-d market age. Concentrations of ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) gases in three side-by-side mechanically ventilated caged broiler houses were measured using an infrared photoacoustic multi-gas monitor coupled with a multi-channel sampler system. Bird manure was removed out of the houses daily. Ventilation rate (VR) was determined by continuously monitoring the building static pressure and operational status of the exhaust fans whose performance was determined in-situ with a fan assessment numeration system (FANS). At the end of 42-d growth period, the N recovery relative to the total feed N intake was 148.2±3.78 g N·bird-1 (mean±SD) 58.6±2.20% in live birds, 34.5±1.42% in manure, and 3.14±0.60% in TAN emissions, with the amount of N2O emitted being negligible. The C input recovery relative to the total feed C intake was 1,738±33.4 g C·bird-1,31.3±1.17% in live birds, 22.5±0.11% in manure, 41.4±3.47% in CO2-C emissions, and 0.27±0.01% in CH4-C emissions. The C and N accumulation of the market broilers was, respectively, 544 g·bird-1 and 86.9 g·bird-1, whereas the manure C and N accumulation was, respectively, 390 g C·bird-1 and 51.1 g N·bird-1. Total TAN emissions over the 42-d growth period averaged 4.65±0.84 g·bird-1. The total emission of CH4-C and CO2-C for the same period was 4.72±0.12 g·bird-1 and 718.9±47.5 g·bird-1, respectively

Effects of Digestate from Swine Manure Digester on in Vitro Growth of Crop Fungal Pathogens: A Laboratory Study

Anaerobic digestion is one of the most popular methods for swine manure treatment in China, and the resultant digestates are mainly used as fertilizer on arable land. Residues from anaerobic fermentation may be used to mitigate the use of chemical fungicides, but relevant information is lacking. In this lab-scale study, original digestate (OD) from a swine manure-fed digester and centrifuged supernatant liquid (SL) with different storage times (0, 7, 14, or 28 d) were added to potato dextrose agar (PDA) media at a rate of 5% to investigate the effects on in vitro mycelial growth of seven phytopathogenic fungi: Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizotonia cerealis, Bipolaris sorokinianum, Rhizoctonia solani, Exserohilum turcicum, and Bipolaris maydis. Diameters of the fungal colonies were measured at 1 d intervals for 7 consecutive days, and the absolute growth rate (AGR) and growth coefficient (k) were calculated. Results showed that the colony sizes of Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizotonia cerealis, Bipolaris sorokinianum, and Rhizoctonia solani on the OD-treated media were significantly smaller (p \u3c 0.01) than the corresponding controls regardless of the storage time. Similarly, independent of storage time, SL-treated media were shown to significantly (p \u3c 0.01) suppress AGR compared to the controls for all seven fungi except for Exserohilum turcicum, where no significant difference was observed between the 14-day-old SL treatment and control. The average k values of the fungi on the OD-treated media ranged from 29% to 143% of the values on the SL-treated media. The results of this study suggest potential use of digestate for plant disease control, which would reduce the use of chemical fungicides. Further studies are needed to investigate the fungicidal mechanism and fungicidal efficacy of OD and SL under field conditions

The comparison of optical variability of broad-line Seyfert 1 and narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies from the view of Pan-STARRS

By means of the data sets of the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS), we investigate the relationship between the variability amplitude and luminosity at 5100 \AA, black hole mass, Eddington ratio, $R_{\rm Fe \, II}$ ( the ratio of the flux of Fe II line within 4435-4685 \AA ~to the broad proportion of $\rm H\beta$ line) as well as $R_{5007}$ (the ratio of the flux [O III] line to the total $\rm H\beta$ line) of the broad line Seyfert 1 (BLS1) and narrow line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxies sample in g,r,i,z and y bands, respectively. We also analyze the similarities and differences of the variability characteristics between the BLS1 galaxies and NLS1 galaxies. The results are listed as follows. (1). The cumulative probability distribution of the variability amplitude shows that NLS1 galaxies are lower than that in BLS1 galaxies. (2). We analyze the dependence of the variability amplitude with the luminosity at 5100 \AA, black hole mass, Eddington ratio, $R_{\rm Fe \,II}$ and $R_{5007}$, respectively. We find significantly negative correlations between the variability amplitude and Eddington ratio, insignificant correlations with the luminosity at 5100 \AA. The results also show significantly positive correlations with the black hole mass and $R_{5007}$, significantly negative correlations with $R_{\rm Fe\, II}$ which are consistent with Rakshit and Stalin(2017) in low redshift bins (z<0.4) and Ai et al.(2010). (3). The relationship between the variability amplitude and the radio loudness is investigated for 155 BLS1 galaxies and 188 NLS1 galaxies. No significant correlations are found in our results.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, accepted by Astrophysics and Space Science, in Pres