Information Security Guidelines for Healthcare Institutions

In recent years, the form of medical records already slowly changed from paper form to electronic form. The new information science and technology makes the transmission of information easier and convenient. On the other hand, the exposedness of individual privacy and information secret would be too difficult to keep and the use of new science and technology has increased the risk of information leakiness. The information security problem appears slowly in the electronic medical record. People that are indiscreet and negligent could cause improper damage to the information management. For this reason, the security guidelines could help healthcare institutions to improve insider and outsider security problem. The security guidelines should refer to BS7799 and HIPAA that we would take many advantages. Finally, we must estimate the benefit from purchase, integration, management, operations, maintenance, time lost, clumsy interfaces and procedures etc. These may spend a lot memory and time, so we should evaluate the cost and risk of BS7799 and HIPAA in each item; it could help us to guide how to select low cost, low risk and high benefits standard item to create the security guidelines

Retinal Ischemia: MMP-9; Its Relation to Resveratrol, Baicalein, S-allyl L-cysteine and Chi Ju Di Huang Wan

Ischemia has been reported to be related to matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) level upregulation. Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) (in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and central/branch retinal vein occlusion) and age-related macular degeneration are known vision-threatening retinal ischemic disorders. In this review, an extensive discussion has been made into how MMP-9 is related to retinal ischemia and what the underlying mechanisms of various traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compounds and combinations are. High intraocular pressure-induced retinal ischemic changes were characterized by decreased electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave amplitudes, a loss of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunopositive amacrine neurons/processes, increased Müller’s vimentin immunoreactivity, and profound retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. It has also been observed hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), MMP-9 and vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) upregulation at the protein/mRNA levels. After ischemia, both the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)-stimulated MMP-9 upregulation and HIF-1α-triggered VEGF overexpression might result in neovascularization. Conclusively, baicalein seems to have neuroprotection via antioxidation, antiapoptosis, HO-1 upregulation and HIF-1α, VEGF, and/or MMP-9 downregulation. Furthermore, baicalein inhibition on retinal ischemia-induced MMP-9 upregulation seems to be “partly” associated with its antioxidation. Additionally, retinal ischemia, oxidative stress, and/or kainate excitotoxicity could be protected by resveratrol: “via MMP-9 and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) downregulation, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) upregulation,” S-allyl L-cysteine (SAC): “through iNOS, HIF-1α, VEGF inhibition and/or MMP-9 downregulation, and antiapoptosis,” Chi Ju Di Huang Wan: “by means of antiapoptosis, antioxidation, MMP-9 downregulation and p38 MAPK inhibition.