Structural-acoustic coupling and psychophysical effects in the active control of noise in vehicles

Active noise control systems offer a potential method of reducing the weight of passive acoustic treatment and, therefore, increasing vehicles' fuel efficiency. These can be particularly cost-efficient if integrated with the entertainment system. A combined system is presented employing feedforward control of engine noise and feedback control of road noise, using a `modal' error signal. Due to the dependence of the feedback system on the modal response of the vehicle cabin, the influence of structural-acoustic coupling on this response and the consequent effects on the control performance are investigated. Simulations of the performance of the control systems in rigid and non-rigid enclosures show that the feedforward component is largely unaffected by structural-acoustic coupling, whilst the modal feedback performance is reduced by 3 dB due to the shift in the frequency of the targeted acoustic mode. The simulation results are confirmed through experiments conducted in a structural-acoustic coupled enclosure

Notes for RNZ slot from Ursula Cheer (Associate Professor) Canterbury University, 12 October 2011

Ursula Cheer, Associate Professor of Law at the University of Canterbury, discusses the recent Rio Ferdinand decision, a privacy case from the High Court in the UK

How the law attempts to deal with hoaxes and pranks in the media that lead to harm

Today I can’t avoid talking about how the law attempts to deal with hoaxes and pranks in the media that lead to harm, following the shocking outcome of the prank by Mel Greig and Michael Christian, hosts of 2Day FM Radio station in Sydney

More on suppression and the internet in New Zealand

Ursula Cheer brings the reader up-to-date to her article on the decision of the judge in New Zealand Police v KOr

Follower Incremental Compliance as a Function of Leader Self-Monitoring Skills and Leader Situational Control (Discretion).

This study examines the moderating effects of two task variables--task structure and leader discretion--on the relationship between leader self-monitoring and the organizational outcomes of subordinate satisfaction, commitment, and job performance. It was hypothesized that task structure would be a negative moderator of the leadership-organizational outcomes relationships, whereas leader discretion would be a positive moderator. That is, leader self-monitoring would be significantly correlated with measures of subordinate satisfaction, commitment, and job performance when task structure was low and leader discretion was high. Data were collected from 58 upper-middle level managers of a large chemical processing plant, their 58 immediate superiors, and the 268 subordinates of these managers. Moderated regression analysis was performed. No significant main effects nor interaction effects were found. Moderator subgroup analysis was performed as a supplemental analysis and provided modest support for the hypotheses of the study. Moderately significant correlations were obtained between leader self-monitoring and organizational outcomes for low task structure and low leader discretion subgroups. Implications of the findings for leadership research are discussed

Balancing it out: the process by which midwifery students provide care to women following stillbirth in Papua New Guinea

Stillbirth is a paradox of life and death. Each year, 3 million women worldwide experience stillbirth. As frontline providers of maternal health care, midwifery students and midwives are often with the woman when stillbirth occurs. The support midwifery staff provide during and after the birth contributes to how a woman recovers from her loss. Stillbirth significantly affects the wellbeing of midwifery staff, particularly midwifery students who may have little experience of stillbirth. Papua New Guinea (PNG) has one of the highest stillbirth rates in the Pacific, yet midwifery students' experiences as regards stillbirth in PNG have not been documented. This thesis helps address this gap, to inform strategies to help midwifery students cope with this often-challenging aspect of their work, thereby helping improve the provision of maternal health care in PNG. PNG is a Pacific Island nation of 8 million people. Most of the population live a subsistence lifestyle in rural and remote village communities. With an unevenly resourced health care system, a shortage of registered midwives and inadequate infrastructure, women have limited access to maternal health care facilities and skilled care during delivery. Women typically have lower social status than men and thus have limited abilities to make individual decisions, notably in relation to their reproductive health. This qualitative study employed constructivist grounded theory and decolonising methodologies consistent with the PNG context in which the research was conducted. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants from a cohort of midwifery students enrolled at a PNG university. A three-phase approach was utilised over a 12-month period. Focus group discussions (n = 3) with midwifery students explored socially shared knowledge and beliefs about pregnancy, birth and stillbirth to generate initial concepts. Next, rich, semi-structured interviews (n = 11) with nine female and two male students expanded on key issues and concepts raised in the focus group discussions. A workshop with eight female students was then conducted to discuss the 'big ideas' from data analysis and conceive how ideas fit together. Transcribed audio files and workshop diagrams were analysed using constructivist grounded theory methods of initial and focused coding and categorisation to inform a developing grounded theory. The theory was presented at the study site in PNG and authenticated by people involved in the research and its outcomes. Students' narratives show how social, cultural and religious elements of PNG life influenced the creation of meaning and determined individual and community behaviour. Students described transitioning to midwifery and their philosophical approach to care for women following stillbirth. Male students explained the challenges they faced working as student midwives when pregnancy and birth are considered women's business. In a country with diverse customs and beliefs, stillbirth is attributed to various causes. Students revealed the personal and professional consequences of caring that affected their own health and wellbeing. 'Balancing It Out' is the core category emerging from the contextual environment in which the study participants live and work. The theory describes the processes the students used in (i) 'Becoming a midwife', (ii) 'Traversing different belief systems' and (iii) 'Dealing with feelings' to achieve their aim of providing the best possible care to women following stillbirth. Providing quality midwifery care means students taking into account difficult conversations about religion, culture and social issues. Students need communication skills to have layered discussions to improve health outcomes for the women and their families. This is the first study of midwifery students' experiences of providing care to women following stillbirth in PNG. Every midwifery student at the study site had experienced providing care to women following stillbirth prior to becoming a midwifery student. This ubiquitous experience exemplifies the need for ongoing research into interconnected social, cultural, spiritual and systemic factors that influence concepts of stillbirth and the provision of care in the PNG context. This study is unique and there are no comparable studies from other Pacific countries, despite the high stillbirth rates across the region. However, many of the elements identified within this study correspond with findings from research investigating the provision of care to women after stillbirth by nursing students internationally. These include the psychological effects of stillbirth on students and the challenges of supporting the woman following a stillbirth delivery with holistic care that meets her social and cultural needs. The emergent themes from this study emphasise the importance of social and emotional aspects of health, and not just the biophysical. The concepts emphasise the importance of holistic care that reflects the founding principles of the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of health as 'a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity' (2014, p.1). The major findings of this study offer practical insights into WHO frameworks, such as the Declaration of Alma-Ata (1978) and the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986), which highlight that attaining good health requires addressing the social determinants of health. This study also offers insights into the realities of providing holistic care to women following stillbirth and the importance of advocating, enabling and mediating across health, social and economic sectors to attain the best outcomes for women following stillbirth and the midwifery staff who provide them with maternity care. Findings from this study exemplify the operational reality of these broad international documents and the importance of this unrecognised issue of care. The experiences of the midwifery students at this university demonstrate the reality for health staff, not only in PNG but also in other similar settings. The findings have practical implications for informing midwifery education and practice in PNG and provide a platform for maternal and child health research in PNG and the wider Pacific region. As a recommendation for action, students requested specific modules in midwifery education for providing care to women experiencing stillbirth, which incorporate not only biomedical but social, cultural and spiritual aspects. Teaching of bereavement care skills would assist midwifery students in their practice and provide a balance between clinical management and social and emotional support for women. This action has begun. Recommendations from this study have informed midwifery educators who now discuss psychosocial care for women experiencing stillbirth in course content. The new postgraduate midwifery curriculum under development will include a discrete unit on stillbirth and appropriate care for women. Self-care modules for midwifery students to build coping mechanisms to deal with the emotions they experience are also needed. Professional support and supervision for midwifery students following a critical event have the potential to reduce the effects of negative emotions on their health and wellbeing. Ongoing research is needed to assess the suitability and sustainability of these modules in the care of these women