Certain issues of teaching the German language as the Second Foreign Language in Technical Higher Educational Institution

Formulation of the problem. The article considers various approaches and methods for teaching German as the second foreign language offered by domestic and foreign scientists testifying to the need for additional comprehension and refinement of the main principles for teaching German as the second foreign language after learning English. The linguistic characteristics of English and German are analyzed at the phonetic, grammatical and lexical levels.Results. The theoretical analysis of the factors for teaching and learning German as the second language is given. It allowed us to reveal the following principles as fundamental ones: the principle of support and comparative connection with the first foreign and native languages, the principle of individualization of teaching, as well as the cognitive principle. It was found out how to approach the organization of the content of teaching, forms and methods of teaching so that students acquire explicit and implicit experience in the formation and improvement of teaching strategies. The study proved that parallel learning of the English and German languages has special advantages for learners based on the linguistic similarity of these two languages.Conclusions. The theoretical and practical analysis of the factors for teaching and learning German as the second language allowed us to reveal the following principles as fundamental ones: the principle of support and comparative connection with the first foreign and native languages, the principle of individualization of teaching, as well as the cognitive principle. The analysis allowed us to understand how to approach the organization of the content of training, forms and methods of teaching, so that students acquired explicit and implicit experience in the formation and improvement of teaching strategies. The study also clearly demonstrated that the parallel learning of the English and German languages had special advantages for learners, based on the linguistic similarity of these two languages

Emotive-expressive potential of phraseology of linguistic identity: Vladimir Putin

Deals with the linguistic identity of the politician on the material of statements of V.V. Putin. The politician's discourse is studied based on the interpretative analysis of phraseolog

Transcriptome Profiling of Lotus japonicus Roots During Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Development and Comparison with that of Nodulation

To better understand the molecular responses of plants to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, we analyzed the differential gene expression patterns of Lotus japonicus, a model legume, with the aid of a large-scale cDNA macroarray. Experiments were carried out considering the effects of contaminating microorganisms in the soil inoculants. When the colonization by AM fungi, i.e. Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora margarita, was well established, four cysteine protease genes were induced. In situ hybridization revealed that these cysteine protease genes were specifically expressed in arbuscule-containing inner cortical cells of AM roots. On the other hand, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis-related genes for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase, etc. were repressed in the later stage, although they were moderately up-regulated on the initial association with the AM fungus. Real-time RT–PCR experiments supported the array experiments. To further confirm the characteristic expression, a PAL promoter was fused with a reporter gene and introduced into L. japonicus, and then the transformants were grown with a commercial inoculum of G. mosseae. The reporter activity was augmented throughout the roots due to the presence of contaminating microorganisms in the inoculum. Interestingly, G. mosseae only colonized where the reporter activity was low. Comparison of the transcriptome profiles of AM roots and nitrogen-fixing root nodules formed with Mesorhizobium loti indicated that the PAL genes and other phenylpropanoid biosynthesis-related genes were similarly repressed in the two organs

Carbon nanomaterials for targeted cancer therapy drugs: a critical review.

Cancer represents one of the main causes of human death in developed countries. Most current therapies, unfortunately, carry a number of side effects, such as toxicity and damage to healthy cells, as well as the risk of resistance and recurrence. Therefore, cancer research is trying to develop therapeutic procedures with minimal negative consequences. The use of nanomaterial-based systems appears to be one of them. In recent years, great progress has been made in the field of possible use of nanomaterials with high potential in biomedical applications. Carbon nanomaterials, thanks to their unique physicochemical properties, are gaining more and more popularity in cancer therapy. They are valued especially for their ability to deliver drugs or small therapeutic molecules to these cells. Through surface functionalization, they can specifically target tumor tissues, increasing the therapeutic potential and significantly reducing the adverse effects of therapy. Their potential future use could, therefore, as vehicles for drug delivery. This review presents the latest findings of research studies using carbon nanomaterials in the treatment of various types of cancer. To carry out this study, different databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar were employed. The findings of research studies chosen from more than 2000 viewed scientific publications from the last 15 years were compared

ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ ПРАКТИЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ ФАХІВЦІВ У ПРОЦЕСІ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ

The technological aspect of practical activity of future specialists in the process of passing educational, training-production and production practices, which are important components of professional training of future specialists of the humanitarian field, is explained in the article, as they are aimed at consolidating and realization of the acquired knowledge, skills and skills of the necessary for the professions activities designed to create appropriate professional competences, so it seems appropriate to appeal to the paradigm of pedagogical technologies. The technological approach in pedagogy characterizes the focus on continuous optimization and improvement of the educational process, increasing its intensity and effectiveness. Among other mandatory features of pedagogical technology, scientists call a clear justification, support for the developed pedagogical theory, the appropriateness, structural and meaningful connection of all elements. The general structure of pedagogical technology of practice organization includes the following components, which are implemented in stages: diagnostics of the existing level of theoretical readiness; motivational and organizational phase; the actual process of practice; control and verification.У статті висвітлено технологічний аспект практичної діяльності майбутніх фахівців у процесі проходження навчальних, навчально-виробничих і виробничих практик, які є важливими складниками професійної підготовки майбутніх фахівців гуманітарної галузі, оскільки вони спрямовані на закріплення та реалізацію набутих студентами знань, умінь та навичок необхідних для подальшої професійної діяльності, покликані сформувати відповідні професійні компетентності. тому доцільним виглядає звернення до парадигми педагогічних технологій. Технологічний підхід у педагогіці характеризує спрямованість на постійну оптимізацію та вдосконалення навчального процесу, підвищення його інтенсивності та ефективності. Серед інших обов’язкових властивостей педагогічної технології науковці називають чітку обґрунтованість, опору на розроблену педагогічну теорію, доцільність, структурний та змістовий зв’язок усіх елементів. Загальна структура педагогічної технології організації практики передбачає наступні компоненти, що реалізуються поетапно: діагностика наявного рівня теоретичної готовності; мотиваційно-організаційна фаза; власне процес проходження практики; контроль та перевірка

Recognition of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides by human Toll-like receptor 9 and subsequent cytokine induction

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes a synthetic ligand, oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) containing cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG). Induction of TLR9 by CpG ODN activates a signal transduction cascade that plays a pivotal role in first-line immune defense in the human body. The three-dimensional structure of TLR9 has not yet been reported, and the ligand-binding mechanism of TLR9 is still poorly understood; therefore, the mechanism of human TLR9 ligand binding needs to be elucidated. In functional studies of TLR9, phosphorothioate (PTO)-modified CpG ODNs have been utilized because "natural" CpG ODNs consist entirely of a phosphodiester (PD) backbone that is easily degraded by nucleases. However, PTO ODNs do not faithfully recapitulate natural DNA-mediated TLR9 activation. In this study, we constructed several human TLR9 mutants, including predicted truncated mutants and single mutants in the predicted CpG ODN-binding site. We used these mutants to analyze the role of potential important regions of TLR9 in receptor signaling induced by stable PD-ODNs that we developed. We clarified that both the C- and N-termini of the extracellular domain (ECD) are necessary for the function of TLR9 in human cells, even if only the C-terminal region of mouse TLR9-ECD was activated by CpG ODNs. Next, we identified residues in the C-terminus of TLR9-ECD (H505 in leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-16, H530 in LRR-17, and Y554 in LRR-18) that are essential for hTLR9 activation. Furthermore, we utilized PD-ODN to analyze the function of TLR9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and B cells. PD-ODNs showed perfect sequence-dependent TLR9 activation, whereas both CpG and non-CpG PTO-ODN activated TLR9. Hence, our study revealed the specific use of natural PD-ODN to explore the function of TLR9, which is required for its development as a potential therapeutic adjuvant

ABSTRACT

A problem of planning for cooperative teams under uncertainty is a crucial one in multiagent systems. Decentralized partially observable Markov decision processes (DEC-POMDPs) provide a convenient, but intractable model for specifying planning problems in cooperative teams. Compared to the single-agent case, an additional challenge is posed by the lack of free communication between the teammates. We argue, that acting close to optimally in a team involves a tradeoff between opportunistically taking advantage of agent’s local observations and being predictable for the teammates. We present a more opportunistic version of an existing approximate algorithm for DEC-POMDPs and investigate the tradeoff. Preliminary evaluation shows that in certain settings oportunistic modification provides significantly better performance