Gerenciamento Efetivo da Dermatite Atópica Estratégias de Tratamento e Prevenção de Complicações

Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin inflammation that begins in the first years of an individual's life as a result of an exacerbated immune response to certain agents, the main manifestation of which is intense itching of the skin. The prevalence of AD varies according to geographical region and climatic conditions. In Brazil, it is estimated that up to 20% of the pediatric population is affected by this pathology, with 60% of cases beginning in the first year of life. Objectives: To provide a comprehensive overview of atopic dermatitis (AD), from its pathophysiological foundations to the treatment options available. Methodology: This literature review searched PubMed, Scielo and LILACS databases, using the descriptors "Dermatitis, Atopic" AND "Etiology" AND "Physiopathology" AND "Diagnosis" AND "Treatment". 32 articles were selected because they best addressed the chosen topic. Results and Discussion: AD results from the interaction between genetic factors, skin barrier dysfunction and immunological alterations, as well as environmental factors. Deficiency of filaggrin, a crucial skin barrier protein, contributes to permeability to allergens and microorganisms, perpetuating skin inflammation. AD involves an exacerbated Th2 immune response, leading to IgE production and mast cell activation, exacerbating clinical symptoms. These consist of pruritus and chronic or recurrent lesions. In childhood, AD is characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles and crusts, mainly on the face and limbs. In the prepubertal phase, lesions in the flexural regions predominate, with lichenification. Diagnosis is clinical, based on specific criteria. In some cases, complementary tests may be necessary to rule out other skin conditions. Treatment is based on the use of emollients and topical therapies such as corticosteroids, as well as immunobiologicals in more severe cases. It is also important to identify environmental factors and allergens capable of triggering atopic dermatitis. Conclusion: AD is a complex dermatological condition influenced by genetic, immunological, environmental and dietary factors. Its prevalence is increasing, and early recognition of symptoms, patient and family education and appropriate treatment are extremely important.Introdução: A dermatite atópica (DA) é uma inflamação cutânea crônica que se inicia nos primeiros anos de vida do indivíduo, decorrente de resposta imune exacerbada a determinados agentes, tendo como principal manifestação o prurido intenso da pele. A prevalência da DA varia conforme a região geográfica e as condições climáticas. No Brasil, estima-se que até 20% da população pediátrica seja acometida por essa patologia, com 60% dos casos iniciando no primeiro ano de vida. Objetivos: Fornecer uma visão abrangente sobre a dermatite atópica (DA), abordando desde seus fundamentos fisiopatológicos até as opções de tratamento disponíveis. Metodologia: Nessa revisão de literatura buscaram-se estudos nos bancos de dados do PubMed, Scielo e LILACS. Foram utilizados os descritores “Dermatitis, Atopic” AND “Etiology” AND “Physiopathology” AND “Diagnosis” AND “Treatment”. Foram selecionados 32 artigos por abordarem melhor o tema escolhido. Resultados e Discussão: A DA resulta da interação entre fatores genéticos, disfunção da barreira cutânea e alterações imunológicas, além de fatores ambientais. A deficiência de filagrina, uma proteína crucial para a barreira cutânea, contribui para a permeabilidade a alérgenos e microrganismos, perpetuando a inflamação cutânea. A DA envolve uma resposta imunológica Th2 exacerbada, levando à produção de IgE e ativação de mastócitos, exacerbando os sintomas clínicos. Estes são compostos por prurido e lesões crônicas ou recidivantes. Na infância, a DA caracteriza-se por eritema, pápulas, vesículas e crostas, principalmente na face e membros. Já na fase pré-puberal, lesões nas regiões flexurais predominam, com liquenificação. O diagnóstico é clínico, baseado em critérios específicos. Em alguns casos, exames complementares podem ser necessários para descartar outras condições cutâneas. Seu tratamento visa o uso de emolientes e terapias tópicas, como corticosteroides, assim como imunobiológicos em casos mais graves. Também é importante identificar fatores ambientais e alérgenos capazes de desencadear a dermatite atópica. Conclusão: A DA é uma condição dermatológica complexa, influenciada por fatores genéticos, imunológicos, ambientais e alimentares. Sua prevalência tem aumentado, sendo extremamente importante o reconhecimento precoce dos sintomas, a educação dos pacientes e familiares e o tratamento adequado

ANEURISMAS CEREBRAIS: EMERGÊNCIA VASCULAR E ESTRATÉGIAS TERAPÊUTICAS

Introduction: Cerebral aneurysms are abnormal dilations of the arteries and carry a risk of rupture and potentially fatal hemorrhage. It highlights the importance of early diagnosis and effective treatment to avoid serious complications. Objectives: The aim is to understand cerebral aneurysms, identify risk factors, symptoms and associated complications, and discuss diagnosis and treatment strategies. Methodology: A bibliographic review was carried out using articles available on PubMed. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined to select relevant studies published between 2020 and 2024. Results and Discussion: Intracranial aneurysms are classified according to their morphology and can be identified in various cerebral arteries. Subarachnoid hemorrhage resulting from ruptured aneurysms causes severe symptoms and requires immediate medical attention. Non-contrast CT is essential for initial diagnosis, followed by surgical interventions such as craniotomy and clipping of the aneurysm. Re-bleeding and vasospasm are serious complications that require urgent therapeutic measures to avoid neurological damage. Conclusion: The article highlights the complexity and fatal potential of cerebral aneurysms, emphasizing the importance of rapid medical intervention and prevention of complications to optimize clinical outcomes.Introdução: Aneurismas cerebrais são dilatações anormais das artérias e, possuem risco de ruptura e hemorragia potencialmente fatal. Destaca-se a importância do diagnóstico precoce e tratamento eficaz para evitar complicações graves. Objetivos: O objetivo é compreender os aneurismas cerebrais, identificar fatores de risco, sintomas e complicações associadas, além de discutir as estratégias de diagnóstico e tratamento. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica utilizando artigos disponíveis no PubMed. Os critérios de inclusão e exclusão foram definidos para selecionar estudos relevantes publicados entre 2020 e 2024. Resultados e Discussão: Os aneurismas intracranianos são classificados quanto à sua morfologia e podem ser identificados em várias artérias cerebrais. A hemorragia subaracnóidea resultante da ruptura de aneurismas causa sintomas graves e requer atenção médica imediata. A TC sem contraste é fundamental para o diagnóstico inicial, seguida por intervenções cirúrgicas como craniotomia e clipagem do aneurisma. O ressangramento e o vasoespasmo são complicações graves que exigem medidas terapêuticas urgentes para evitar danos neurológicos. Conclusão: O artigo destaca a complexidade e o potencial fatal dos aneurismas cerebrais, enfatizando a importância da rápida intervenção médica e da prevenção de complicações para otimizar os resultados clínicos

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data