Seasonal Incidence of Diamond Back Moth in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)

The present field experiment was conducted at entomology research field, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur during Rabi, 2022-23, for studying the seasonal incidence of Diamond back moth in broccoli. The broccoli planted in plot size of 3x3.15 m in three replications with spacing of 60x45 cm during first week of November. First appearance of DBM in broccoli field was started in 49th SMW 2nd week of December, the pest population reached at peak in 2nd SMW 2nd week of January. The correlation studies showed that maximum temperature, minimum temperature is significantly negatively correlated to pest population whereas morning relative humidity showed negative non- significant correlation with the pest population, rainfall had non-significant and evening relative humidity had positively significant effect on the pest population

The Psp system ofﾠMycobacterium tuberculosisﾠintegrates envelope stress-sensing and envelope-preserving functions

The bacterial envelope integrates essential stress-sensing and adaptive functions; thus, envelope-preserving functions are important for survival. In Gram-negative bacteria, envelope integrity during stress is maintained by the multi-gene Psp response. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was thought to lack the Psp system since it encodes only pspA and no other psp ortholog. Intriguingly, pspA maps downstream from clgR, which encodes a transcription factor regulated by the MprAB-σE envelope-stress-signaling system. clgR inactivation lowered ATP concentration during stress and protonophore treatment-induced clgR-pspA expression, suggesting that these genes express Psp-like functions. We identified a four-gene set – clgR, pspA (rv2744c), rv2743c, rv2742c – that is regulated by clgR and in turn regulates ClgR activity. Regulatory and protein–protein interactions within the set and a requirement of the four genes for functions associated with envelope integrity and surface-stress tolerance indicate that a Psp-like system has evolved in mycobacteria. Among Actinobacteria, the four-gene module occurred only in tuberculous mycobacteria and was required for intramacrophage growth, suggesting links between its function and mycobacterial virulence. Additionally, the four-gene module was required for MprAB-σE stress-signaling activity. The positive feedback between envelope-stress-sensing and envelope-preserving functions allows sustained responses to multiple, envelope-perturbing signals during chronic infection, making the system uniquely suited to tuberculosis pathogenesis