A Discontinuous Unscented Kalman Filter for Non-Smooth Dynamic Problems

For a number of applications, including real/time damage diagnostics as well as control, online methods, i.e., methods which may be implemented on-the-fly, are necessary. Within a system identification context, this implies adoption of filtering algorithms, typically of the Kalman or Bayesian class. For engineered structures, damage or deterioration may often manifest in relation to phenomena such as fracture, plasticity, impact, or friction. Despite the different nature of the previous phenomena, they are described by a common denominator: switching behavior upon occurrence of discrete events. Such events include for example, crack initiation, transitions between elastic and plastic response, or between stick and slide modes. Typically, the state-space equations of such models are non-differentiable at such events, rendering the corresponding systems non-smooth. Identification of non-smooth systems poses greater difficulties than smooth problems of similar computational complexity. Up to a certain extent, this may be attributed to the varying identifiability of such systems, which violates a basic requirement of online Bayesian Identification algorithms, thus affecting their convergence for non-smooth problems. Herein, a treatment to this problem is proposed by the authors, termed the Discontinuous D– modification, where unidentifiable parameters are acknowledged and temporarily excluded from the problem formulation. In this work, the D– modification is illustrated for the case of the Unscented Kalman Filter UKF, resulting in a method termed DUKF, proving superior performance to the conventional, and widely adopted, alternative

Online Bayesian Identification of Non-Smooth Systems

The robustness of online Bayesian Identification algorithms has been illustrated for a wide range of physical problems. The successful convergence of such algorithms for problems of highly nonlinear nature is tied to the precision of the approximation of the observed system via the employed state-space model. More sophisticated approximations, result in an increase of both the convergence rate and the associated computational cost. Nonetheless, the latter is a price worth paying for ensuring the former in the case of highly nonlinear problems. The assumption placed by most Bayesian filtering algorithms is that the parameters to be estimated are identifiable at each updating step. This however is a property that does not necessarily hold for systems involving non-smooth nonlinearities, i.e., systems whose state-space or measurement equations are not differentiable. Such systems are linked to the modelling of damage-related phenomena such as plasticity, impact and sliding amongst other. Hence, a separate approach is proposed herein, namely the modification of algorithms to account for the lack of identifiability encountered for parameters of a non-smooth system at a specific step. This modification is termed by the authors as, the Discontinuous, D- modification and relies on the idea that unidentifiable parameters should remain invariant in the corresponding updating steps. This work will illustrate the benefits of the D- modification on the convergence of the Unscented Kalman Filter for non-smooth problems. An example from the dynamics of rocking bodies will be used to demonstrate the advantages of the method

Editorial: Robust Monitoring, Diagnostic Methods and Tools for Engineered Systems

ISSN:2297-336

A field trial of a fixed combination of permethrin and fipronil (Effitix®) for the treatment and prevention of flea infestation in dogs living with sheep

Abstract Background A large number of fleas parasitize dogs living with sheep in Greece. The primary aim of this randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial was to examine the efficacy of a permethrin-fipronil combination (Effitix®) for the treatment and prevention of flea infestation in dogs living with sheep and the secondary aim was to examine the efficacy of this intervention on flea infestation, pruritus and skin lesions of the people in contact with these dogs. Methods Thirty dogs living with sheep and infested by at least 10 fleas and all 80 sheep living on the same premises were randomly allocated into equal groups. Group A dogs were treated three times, every 4 weeks, with a spot-on containing 54.5% permethrin and 6.1% fipronil, group A sheep were treated, on the same days, with a pour-on containing 1% deltamethrin, whereas group B dogs were sham-treated and group B sheep were placebo-treated. Flea counting was performed at the beginning of the trial (day 0) and after 14, 28, 56 and 84 days and the first five fleas from each animal were used for species identification. At the same time points, flea infestation, pruritus and skin lesions of the people in contact with the dogs were assessed. Results The percentage of dogs with zero flea counts was significantly higher in group A than in group B on days 14, 28, 56 and 84 and flea counts were significantly lower in group A dogs than in group B dogs at the same time points. The percent efficacy of the permethrin-fipronil combination was higher than 78% (arithmetic means) or than 96% (geometric means) throughout the study. No adverse reactions were recorded. Between the two flea species found on dogs, Ctenocephalides canis was predominant over C. felis. Flea-infected sheep were not found at the beginning or during the study and no significant changes in flea infestation, pruritus and skin lesions of the people in contact with the dogs were witnessed throughout the study. Conclusions A spot-on solution containing 54.5% permethrin and 6.1% fipronil is safe and effective for the treatment and prevention of C. canis and C. felis infestations in dogs living with sheep

A Simulink model for the dynamic analysis of floating wind turbines

The drive to maximize the wind-energy harnessing capabilities of modern societies is gradually leading towards the design of floating wind turbines (FWT). To guide such designs, accurate numerical models that predict the dynamic behavior of the systems are crucial to ensure their structural reliability. This work presents a new Simulink implementation of the FWT mod- eling with a focus on the wave-platform interaction. The hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces applied to the floating platform are calculated using a numerical and an analytical approach. The numerical approach makes use of the open-source Boundary Element Method (BEM) code, Nemoh. In the analytical approach, which is initially limited to a planar response of the FWT, a matched eigenfunction expansions method is examined to evaluate closed-form solutions of the velocity potential and the resulting force. This second approach offers deeper insights into the dynamic system and potentially higher computational efficiency compared to Nemoh. Both approaches are implemented as Simulink subsystems that are integrated with the remaining system in the time domain. The large variety of libraries in Simulink also enables the detailed modeling of other physics including aerodynamics, structural dynamics, and controls. The aerodynamic loads are applied at different cross-sections along the blade using the unsteady blade/element momentum method. While their flexibility can be accounted for, the blades and tower are modeled as rigid bodies in the present study and the effect of the mooring lines is taken into account as a resulting stiffness matrix. The industry-standard ROSCO controller is also employed. Validation against the most popular tool OpenFAST is carried out on the 5-MW ITIBarge FWT, and the overall agreement demonstrates the capability of the developed Simulink model to perform accurate dynamic analysis for FWTs

Data for "Folding and deploying identical thick panels with spring-loaded hinges"

This article provides supplementary information for the manuscript “Folding and Deploying Identical Thick Panels with Spring-loaded Hinges” (Yang et al. 2022), in which collision-free deployments of a multiple degree-of-freedom (DoF) system are realized by using elastic hinges. This article characterizes two important parameters of such hinges, namely, the spring stiffness and the damping coefficient. The spring stiffness was acquired through quasi-static measurement of torque. A test rig consisting of rotary tables and strain gauges was developed for this purpose. The damping coefficient of the hinge was acquired by analyzing the responses of five free-vibration tests on a rotational mass-spring system. The time history of the response was processed, followed by system identification through the state-space estimation. Apart from the properties of the elastic hinges, the other system properties that were used for the simulations and the physical prototypes in (Yang et al. 2022) were detailed in this article. With these parameters, deployments with and without collisions were demonstrated through videos (V1, V2, and V3)

On the investigation of utility functions on optimal sensor locations

Structural Health Monitoring uses data collected from sensors placed on structures to determine their operating condition and whether maintenance is required. Often, optimal sensor placement strategies are used to find the optimal locations for the identification of their modal properties, structural parameters and/or abnormal behaviours under the influence of model and measurement uncertainty. An approach that has been frequently used to solve the problem of sensor placement is the Bayesian experimental design. This approach chooses the locations using the data measured by the sensors to reduce the prior uncertainty of the parameters that are being inferred. The Bayesian experimental design minimizes the uncertainty of the parameters to be inferred through the use of metrics called utility functions. Most of these metrics are based on functions of the posterior distribution. In this paper, the use of three utility functions (Bayesian D-posterior precision, Bayesian A-posterior precision, and Expected Information Gain) is investigated for the problem of sensor placement. The case study chosen consists of a beam with translational and rotational springs connected to the ground subject to an impulsive load. The goal of the analysis is to select the most informative position of a sensor in order to update the distribution of two uncertain physical parameters of the beam based on natural frequencies extracted using the Eigensystem Realization Algorithm. It is shown that for the case investigated, the three utility functions yield the same optimal sensor location.Mechanics and Physics of Structure

On the Combination of Random Matrix Theory With Measurements on a Single Structure

An approach is proposed for the evaluation of the probability density functions (PDFs) of the modal parameters for an ensemble of nominally identical structures when there is only access to a single structure and the dispersion parameter is known. The approach combines the Eigensystem realization algorithm on sets of dynamic data, with an explicit nonparametric probabilistic method. A single structure, either a mathematical model or a prototype, is used to obtain simulated data or measurements that are employed to build a discrete time state-space model description. The dispersion parameter is used to describe the uncertainty due to different sources such as the variability found in the population and the identification errors found in the noisy measurements from the experiments. With this approach, instead of propagating the uncertainties through the governing equations of the system, the distribution of the modal parameters of the whole ensemble is obtained by randomizing the matrices in the state-space model with an efficient procedure. The applicability of the approach is shown through the analysis of a two degrees-of-freedom mass-spring-damper system and a cantilever system. The results show that if the source of uncertainty is unknown and it is possible to specify an overall level of uncertainty, by having access to a single system's measurements, it is possible to evaluate the resulting PDFs on the modal parameters. It was also found that high values of the dispersion parameter may lead to nonphysical results such as negative damping ratios values.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Mechanics and Physics of Structure

A field trial of spinosad for the treatment and prevention of flea infestation in shepherd dogs living in close proximity to flea-infested sheep

Background: Three flea species, Pulex irritans, Ctenocephalides canis and C. felis parasitize shepherd dogs living on sheep farms in Greece. The aim of this randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial was to examine the efficacy of spinosad, when administered three times every 4 weeks, as the only intervention to treat and prevent flea infestations in shepherd dogs living on sheep farms. Methods: Thirty dogs living on sheep farms and infested by at least 24 fleas were randomly allocated into equal groups. Group A dogs received spinosad (45-70 mg/kg body weight), every 4 weeks for three administrations, whereas Group B dogs were placebo-treated. Flea counting was performed at the beginning of the trial (day 0) and after 14, 28, 56 and 84 days. The first five fleas from each dog and 2-6 fleas collected from 5-11 sheep were used for species identification. Results: The percentage of dogs with zero flea counts was significantly higher in group A than in group B at days 14, 28, 56 and 84 and flea counts were significantly lower in group A than in group B at days 14, 28, 56 and 84. In group A, flea counts were significantly lower at days 14, 28, 56 and 84 compared to day 0 whereas there were no changes in flea counts of group B dogs. The percent efficacy of spinosad for the treatment and prevention of flea infestation was higher than 98 % (arithmetic means) or higher than 99 % (geometric means) throughout the study. No adverse reactions were recorded. C. canis was the predominant flea species of dogs at day 0. In group A the relative abundance of C. felis increased at day 14 whereas in group B the relative abundance of P. irritans increased at days 14, 28, 56 and 84. Conclusions: Spinosad is safe and effective for the treatment of C. canis and C. felis infestations and for the prevention of P. irritans, C. canis and C. felis infestations in shepherd dogs living in close proximity to sheep