A simple example for the teaching of demand theory: Aggregate demand estimation for onions in India

AbstractManagerial economics textbooks rarely include empirical examples of demand estimation of any commodity from real data, perhaps because in reality one must consider coupled demand systems. We suggest that on a national level and over a short time, the price–volume data for onions provide a bona fide example of a single-commodity demand curve. Since the onion has no real substitutes and taste for onions does not fluctuate, the demand curve does not shift over time. Empirical analysis of aggregated national level data yields a demand curve with two regimes: constant consumption at low prices, and constant budget at high prices

Binding energetics of DGA and CaCCinh-A01 with Ace from MD simulation^†.

<p>^<b>†</b> Interface area and RMSD are calculated after 20 ns of simulation</p><p>Binding energetics of DGA and CaCCinh-A01 with Ace from MD simulation<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0141283#t004fn001" target="_blank">^†</a>.</p

Effects of CaCC inhibitors on basal and Ace-stimulated short circuit current (<i>Isc</i>) in mouse tissue by Ussing chamber experiment, as described in the Materials and Methods.

<p>Basal (unstimulated) and Ace stimulated <i>Isc</i> was measured in the absence (control) and presence of (A) CaCC_inh-A01 and (B) tannic acid. Two different concentrations of small molecules, low (5 μM) and high (100 μM), were used in each case and pre-incubated luminally before being treated with Ace toxin to the luminal side of the tissue. Results represent mean ± SEM of 6 tissue pairs; NS indicates the difference is not significant.</p

Parameters of CaCC inhibitors binding to Ace obtained from tryptophan fluorescence quenching.

<p>Parameters of CaCC inhibitors binding to Ace obtained from tryptophan fluorescence quenching.</p

Effect of CaCC inhibitors on Ace stimulated intestinal fluid accumulation.

<p>Representative mouse ileal loops 6 h after luminal injection with Ace in the presence or absence of (A) DGA and CaCC_inh-A01 and (B) tannic acid in 1:1 molar ratio (left panel). The right panel provides the bar graph showing the quantified averaged fluid accumulation in the loop experiment (n = 5–10). Values are mean ± SEM.</p

Effects of Small Molecule Calcium-Activated Chloride Channel Inhibitors on Structure and Function of Accessory Cholera Enterotoxin (Ace) of <i>Vibrio cholerae - Fig 4 </i>

<p>(A) Quenching of tryptophan fluorescence of Ace with CaCC inhibitors. (B) log [(Fo –Fc)/Fc] versus log [ligand] plot for the fluorescence quenching of Ace with CaCC inhibitors.</p

Structures of (A) Ace alone, and (B) complexed with DGA and (C) CaCC_inh-A01; in each case the left panel indicates the start and the right panel the end of simulation time period.

<p>The A subunit of the Ace protein is shown in green cartoon and the B subunit is in blue: tryptophan residues 10, 17 and 38 are shown in red sticks. DGA is represented as cyan sticks (B), and CaCC_inh-A01 as magenta sticks (C).</p

The backbone (A) root mean square deviations (RMSD) and (B) root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) of uncomplexed Ace along with the protein bound to DGA and CaCC_inh-A01.

<p>Both the subunits are considered in (A); in (B) residue numbers 1–96 correspond to chain A, and 97–192 to chain B.</p