Le contrôle dans les sociétés numériques : essai de sociologie critique

Le développement des technologies numériques, qui « succèdent » aux technologies analogiques, s'effectue désormais à une vitesse fulgurante. Bien que ces nouvelles technologies facilitent incontestablement l'existence humaine, force est de constater qu'elles creusent également les inégalités économiques comme celles relatives à l'accès aux ressources. La crise écologique qui se profilait autrefois à l'horizon est désormais à nos portes et nous assistons à l'apparition d'une fracture numérique qui réagence les différents régimes de privilèges sociaux-économiques à travers tout le globe. Les compagnies qui forment aujourd'hui le GAMAM multiplient les promesses quant à leur contribution à la mise en place d'une société libre, ouverte et égalitaire grâce aux technologies de réseau. Les nouvelles technologies numériques feront de facto office de « solution » à tous les problèmes. Ces mêmes compagnies multiplient par ailleurs les stratégies et les tactiques afin de consolider leur monopole et d'accroître la dépendance à leurs infrastructures. Ce mémoire vise à construire un cadre théorique original afin de concevoir la manière dont les nouvelles technologies numériques deviennent les moyens de production de la société par elle-même. Cet examen n'est possible que par l'effectuation d'un retour aux théories générales de la société et par le fait même, par la mobilisation du devenir effectif de la production de soi de la société en tant qu'objet d'étude principal. C'est en procédant à la décomposition analytique du fait numérique en différents éléments, à savoir son inscription dans l'espace, sa dette à l'endroit de l'agentivité de l'individu, la culture qu'il fait émerger et l'économie dont il devient le centre, que nous pouvons parvenir à une éventuelle théorie des sociétés numériques.Digital technologies, that "succeeds"to analog technologies, are developed and deployed faster than ever. Even if these new technologies unquestionably facilitate human existence, we must admit that they also contribute to the deepening of economic equalities, such as those relating to access to resources. The once "far-away"ecological crisis is now knocking at our doors and we are also witnessing the birth of a digital fracture that rearranges the different regimes of socio-economic privileges across the globe. Private companies that form today's iteration of the GAMAM are multiplying promises as to their contribution to the establishment of a free, open and egalitarian society, thanks to network technologies. New digital technologies will de facto serve as the "solutions" to all problems. These same companies also multiply strategies and tactics employed to consolidate their monopoles and dependence to their infrastructures. This thesis aims to build a theoretical framework to conceive the way in which new digital technologies become the means of production of society by itself. This task requires a return to general theories on society and by mobilizing the effective becoming of society's self-production as the main object of study. It is by carrying out the analytical decomposition of the digital event into different elements, namely its inscription in space, its debt to the place of the agency of the individual, the culture that it brings out and the economy of which it becomes the center, that we can arrive at a possible theory of digital societies

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age  6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score  652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N = 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in Asia and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Annuaire du Collège de France 2013-2014

L’Annuaire du Collège de France 2013-2014. Résumé des cours et travaux 114e année est le reflet de l’activité scientifique de l’institution pour l’année académique 2013-2014. Il contient notamment les résumés détaillés des enseignements et une présentation des recherches menées par les professeurs du Collège de France, leurs laboratoires et équipes de recherche

Annuaire du Collège de France 2015-2016

La 116e édition de l’Annuaire du Collège de France reflète l’activité scientifique de l’institution pour l’année académique 2015-2016. Elle contient notamment les résumés détaillés des enseignements ainsi qu’une présentation des recherches menées par les professeurs du Collège de France, leurs laboratoires et équipes de recherche