An Analysis of Marketing Student Perceptions of Proper Organizational Behaviors

As the millennial begins to make the exodus from universities to the workplace a critical question relates to their preparation – “do millennials have an understanding of the attitudes, values and behaviors (the organizational citizenship behaviors – OCBs) necessary to succeed in the business environment?” The millennial generation is often perceived as ill-prepared to enter the traditional workplace by virtue of the fact that this generation has been perceived as being insulated from the demands consistent with full-time employment. Thus, the purpose of this research was to empirically assess millennials’ perceptions of the importance of specific OCBs and the likely sanctions that might occur when these OCBs are violated. To accomplish the purpose of the research, data were collected from university students as they relate to these students’ attitudes and perceptions of commonly accepted workplace norms and standards. The findings indicate that millennials may find that their effective integration into the workplace is limited by their inability to appreciate numerous standards of behavior which exist in today’s work environment. These results suggest that educators may need to recognize the importance of reinforcing the importance of OCBs to their students and the need to emphasize that while these individuals may have escaped sanctions during their educational years that new behaviors and attitudes will be expected in the workplace. Further, the research is important for practitioners, as they seek to assimilate millennials into their workforce that this assimilation may require training on commonly accepted workplace behaviors and attitudes

Flux of nutrients from Russian rivers to the Arctic Ocean: Can we establish a baseline against which to judge future changes?

Climate models predict significant warming in the Arctic in the 21st century, which will impact the functioning of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems as well as alter land‐ocean interactions in the Arctic. Because river discharge and nutrient flux integrate large‐scale processes, they should be sensitive indicators of change, but detection of future changes requires knowledge of current conditions. Our objective in this paper is to evaluate the current state of affairs with respect to estimating nutrient flux to the Arctic Ocean from Russian rivers. To this end we provide estimates of contemporary (1970s–1990s) nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate fluxes to the Arctic Ocean for 15 large Russian rivers. We rely primarily on the extensive data archives of the former Soviet Union and current Russian Federation and compare these values to other estimates and to model predictions. Large discrepancies exist among the various estimates. These uncertainties must be resolved so that the scientific community will have reliable data with which to calibrate Arctic biogeochemical models and so that we will have a baseline against which to judge future changes (either natural or anthropogenic) in the Arctic watershed

Developing Bridges Center Grant Proposal: A Budgeting Case for a Nonprofit Organization

The case study introduces the challenges and unique accounting needs of nonprofit organizations, particularly in budget preparation and the grant proposal process. The case is designed for courses that focus on not-for-profit accounting or managerial accounting. As students are becoming more interested in social responsibility, this case provides an opportunity for students to develop a deeper understanding of budgeting concepts by introducing a nonprofit perspective into the budgeting material traditionally covered in a managerial accounting course. Students learn about differences in budgeting for a nonprofit organization compared to a business that operates for profit including sources of revenue, mission-driven focus, receipt of in-kind donations, unbalanced budgets, the role of the board, and data availability. Students are required to use problem-solving skills and external resources to estimate amounts to create a budget for a nonprofit organization in a scenario where information is incomplete, much like a real-world situation

Influence of interposed ventilation pressure upon artificial cardiac output during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs

This study was conducted to determine the effects of high pressure interposed ventilations during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Cardiac output was measured by a modified indicator dilution technique in eight anesthetized, intubated mongrel dogs. Positive pressure ventilations (12/min, 80% O2) were interposed after every five chest compressions (performed at 62/min) by a mechanical chest compressor (Thumper®). On repeated trials in the same animal, ventilation pressures from 10-50 cm of H2O were tested in randomized sequence, while the technique of chest compression was held constant. Arterial blood gases immediately after resuscitation were monitored. Increasing ventilation pressure had surprisingly little effect on cardiac output during CPR, although blood gases were profoundly altered. For ventilation pressures of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm of H2O, producing mean tidal volumes 23, 38, 61, 83, and 94 ml/kg; cardiac output remained nearly constant, averaging 21, 25, 23, 26, and 24 ml/min/kg. Corresponding mean post-resuscitation pH was 7.24, 7.41, 7.51, 7.56, and 7.53; PCO2 was 41, 26, 18, 16, and 15 torr. The post-resuscitation arterial oxygen tension was greater than 100 torr at all ventilation pressures except 10 cm of H2O. Interposed ventilations of pressure and volume more than adequate to prevent acidosis during CPR did not impair artificial cardiac output. If anything, cardiac output was slightly improved by more forceful ventilation

Relationship of blood pressure and flow during CPR to chest compression amplitude: Evidence for an effective compression threshold

This study was conducted to investigate the importance of the depth of chest compression in producing effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in animals, as indicated by cardiac output and mean arterial blood pressure. Cardiac output was measured by a modified indicator dilution technique in 8 anesthetized dogs, 6 to 12 kg body weight, during repeated 2-minute episodes of electrically induced ventricular fibrillation and CPR provided by a mechanical chest compressor and ventilator (Thumper®). Chest compression exceeding a threshold value (x0) between 1.5 and 3.0 cm was required in each animal to produce measurable cardiac output. In particular, cardiac output (CO) was linearly related to chest compression depth (x) by an expression of the form CO = a(x-x0) for x \u3e x0, and CO = 0 for x £ x0. The mean value of x0 was 2.3 cm. A similar threshold for measurable blood pressure was observed in 7 of the 8 dogs, with a mean value of 1.8 cm. For chest compression of 2.5 cm or greater, relatively modest increases in chest compression depth caused relatively large changes in cardiac output

Referral for coronary artery revascularization procedures after diagnostic coronary angiography: Evidence for gender bias?

AbstractObjectives. We sought to determine whether there is a gender bias in the selection of patients for coronary revascularization once the severity of the underlying coronary artery disease has been established with angiography.Background. It has been suggested that women with coronary artery disease are less likely to be referred for coronary angiography and coronary artery bypass surgery than men. Whether such a referral bias for revascularization procedures, including coronary angioplasty, is present once angiography has been performed is not clear.Methods. We retrospectively analyzed 22,795 patients with suspected coronary artery disease who underwent coronary angiography between 1981 and 1991 and compared the numbers of women and men who underwent either coronary artery bypass surgery or coronary angioplasty within 30 days of coronary angiography.Results. Angiography revealed significant (one-vessel or more) disease in 15,455 patients (52% of women, 76% of men). Despite worse symptoms, women had less extensive coronary disease than men as judged by the number of vessels diseased. Women were also more likely to have other co-morbid diseases. An equal proportion of women (54%) and men underwent revascularization procedures. After adjustment for baseline differences and age, differences in the two individual revascularization strategies were very small: More women tended to have coronary angioplasty ([absolute difference ± 1 SD] + 3.3 ± 0.7%, p < 0.0001), but fewer had coronary artery bypass surgery than men (−2.5 ± 0.8%, p = 0.003). When the two revascularization strategies were considered together, there was no significant gender difference in overall adjusted use of revascularization (+0.8 ± 0.9%, p = 0.41).Conclusions. Once diagnostic coronary angiography had been performed, no major differences in the overall utilization of revascularization procedures were noted for women compared with men

Fitting birth-death processes to panel data with applications to bacterial DNA fingerprinting

Continuous-time linear birth-death-immigration (BDI) processes are frequently used in ecology and epidemiology to model stochastic dynamics of the population of interest. In clinical settings, multiple birth-death processes can describe disease trajectories of individual patients, allowing for estimation of the effects of individual covariates on the birth and death rates of the process. Such estimation is usually accomplished by analyzing patient data collected at unevenly spaced time points, referred to as panel data in the biostatistics literature. Fitting linear BDI processes to panel data is a nontrivial optimization problem because birth and death rates can be functions of many parameters related to the covariates of interest. We propose a novel expectation--maximization (EM) algorithm for fitting linear BDI models with covariates to panel data. We derive a closed-form expression for the joint generating function of some of the BDI process statistics and use this generating function to reduce the E-step of the EM algorithm, as well as calculation of the Fisher information, to one-dimensional integration. This analytical technique yields a computationally efficient and robust optimization algorithm that we implemented in an open-source R package. We apply our method to DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, to study intrapatient time evolution of IS6110 copy number, a genetic marker frequently used during estimation of epidemiological clusters of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Our analysis reveals previously undocumented differences in IS6110 birth-death rates among three major lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which has important implications for epidemiologists that use IS6110 for DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/13-AOAS673 the Annals of Applied Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aoas/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org

Influence of Adrenergic Drugs Upon Vital Organ Perfusion During CPR

To determine whether adrenergic drugs administered during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) alter the distribution of artificial card:l.ac output, we measu red regional blood flow and cardiac output using radioactive microspheres in 12 dogs. Ventricular fibrillation was induced electrically and CPR was immediately begun with a mechanical chest compressor and ventilator (Thurn per ( R) ) at 60 compressions/min, with a ventilation:compression ratio of 1:5, a compression duration of 0.5 sec, and a ventilation pressure of 20 em H 2 o. Compression force was sufficient to develop 40-50 mmHg peak intraesophageal pressure. After 30 sec of CPR, either 0.9% saline vehicle or 50 ug/kg of epinephrine, phenylephrine, or isoproterenol was administered through a central venous catheter. One minute later, microspheres were injected into the left ventricle. After 250 sec of CPR the ventricles were defibrillated electrically. Twenty minute recovery periods were interposed between each drug injection. accord:l.ng Each dog recei.ved to predetermlned all three drugs and saline sequence. Following saline, epinephrine, phenylephrine, and isoproterenol treatment respectively, cardiac output averaged 392, 319, 255, and 475 ml/min; bratn blood flow averaged 37, 54, 2 9 \u27 and 28 ml/min; heart blood flow averaged 25, 79, 26, and IS ml/min; and kidney blood flow averaged 44, 4, 16, and 29 ml/min. Epinephrine improved blood flow t6 the brain, probably because of its alpha adrenergic activity. Epinephrine improved blood flow to the heart during CPR much more than the other agents, probably because of its combined alpha and beta adrenergic activity. This effect may explain its superiority in restoring circulation after prolonged arrest and resuscitation. Isoproterenol should not be used in CPR because it shunts blood away from vital organs