8,555 research outputs found

    Exploring the relationship between tychoparthenogenesis and inbreeding depression in the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria

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    Tychoparthenogenesis, a form of asexual reproduction in which a small proportion of unfertilized eggs can hatch spontaneously, could be an intermediate evolutionary link in the transition from sexual to parthenogenetic reproduction. The lower fitness of tychoparthenogenetic offspring could be due to either developmental constraints or to inbreeding depression in more homozygous individuals. We tested the hypothesis that in populations where inbreeding depression has been purged, tychoparthenogenesis may be less costly. To assess this hypothesis, we compared the impact of inbreeding and parthenogenetic treatments on eight life-history traits (five measuring inbreeding depression and three measuring inbreeding avoidance) in four laboratory populations of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, with contrasted demographic histories. Overall, we found no clear relationship between the population history (illustrated by the levels of genetic diversity or inbreeding) and inbreeding depression, or between inbreeding depression and parthenogenetic capacity. First, there was a general lack of inbreeding depression in every population, except in two populations for two traits. This pattern could not be explained by the purging of inbreeding load in the studied populations. Second, we observed large differences between populations in their capacity to reproduce through tychoparthenogenesis. Only the oldest laboratory population successfully produced parthenogenetic offspring. However, the level of inbreeding depression did not explain the differences in parthenogenetic success between all studied populations. Differences in development constraints may arise driven by random and selective processes between populations. (Résumé d'auteur

    ReprĂ©sentation discursive des pairs et ethos dans les arrĂȘts de la Cour de cassation française

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    The French Cour de cassation is located at the apex of the judicial pyramid. The court is responsiblefor verifying the conformity of decisions to the law. Despite the dominance of this pre-discursive ethos,the organ is not exempt from justifying its decisions, which are strategically made to be read at thehearing, and then published. From a discursive approach, it will be shown that argumentation in thosejudicial decisions is based on the distribution of roles, which influences the relationships between theCour and the judges. The discursive representation of judicial organs reveals a discursive routinelinked to the situation of enunciation marked by the judicial ritual. The representation of relationshipsand rigid staging give us information about the discursive image of the Cour and its ethos, which isparticularly relevant for its persuasive strategy.La Cour de cassation de Francia se sitĂșa en la cĂșspide de la jerarquĂ­a judicial. Es el Ăłrgano responsable de verificar la conformidad de las decisiones a la ley. Su ethos previo es dominante, pero esta imagen social no la exime de argumentar sus sentencias, estratĂ©gicamente compuestas con vista a ser leĂ­das para la audiencia y publicadas posteriormente. Desde una perspectiva discursiva, mostramos que la argumentaciĂłn vehiculada por las sentencias se basa, entre otros, en la asignaciĂłn de roles que determina la relaciĂłn entre los jueces y la Cour. La inscripciĂłn en cadencia de los Ăłrganos judiciales obedece a ritos discursivos, reflejo de una situaciĂłn de enunciaciĂłn marcada por la impronta del ritual judicial. La manifestaciĂłn de las relaciones con los jueces asĂ­ como la rĂ­gida puesta en escena que conlleva, nos informan sobre la imagen discursiva de la Cour, su ethos, cuya construcciĂłn participa tambiĂ©n de la estrategia de persuasiĂłn.La Cour de cassation française se situe au sommet de la hiĂ©rarchie judiciaire. C’est l’organisme chargĂ© de vĂ©rifier la conformitĂ© des dĂ©cisions au droit. Son ethos prĂ©alable est dominant mais cette image sociale d’elle-mĂȘme ne la soustrait pas Ă  l’obligation de motiver ses arrĂȘts, stratĂ©giquement composĂ©s pour la lecture Ă  l’audience et leur postĂ©rieure publication. Depuis une perspective discursive, l’on montre que l’argumentation vĂ©hiculĂ©e par les arrĂȘts se fonde notamment sur l’attribution des rĂŽles qui imprĂšgne les relations entre les pairs et la Cour. L’inscription cadencĂ©e des instances obĂ©it Ă  des rites discursifs qui sont autant de traces d’une situation d’énonciation marquĂ©e sous le sceau du rituel judiciaire. La manifestation des rapports aux pairs, ainsi que la mise en scĂšne rigide dans laquelle elle s’exerce, nous renseignent sur l’image discursive de la Cour, son ethos, dont la construction participe Ă©galement de l’entreprise de persuasion

    Correlation between parasite prevalence and adult size in a trematode-mollusc system: evidence for evolutionary gigantism in the freshwater snail Galba truncatula?

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    The snail-trematode host-parasite system has been widely studied, as trematodes are known to greatly influence the fitness of their hosts. Indeed, during their development, the trematodes castrate the snail and one possible consequence of infection is gigantism of the snail. Snail gigantism is usually investigated experimentally by comparing the size of healthy and artificially infected snails. Here, I focused on naturally infected populations in order to investigate if snails submitted to trematode pressure have evolved specific life-history traits to respond to the parasite prevalence in their natural population. To this end, I estimated the correlations between measures of size (obtained from healthy laboratory individuals originating from populations) and the parasite prevalence at the population level. I found that the adult size of populations was positively correlated with population prevalence, an indication that gigantism might be operating. Moreover, I found a positive relation between growth and fecundity in healthy populations, while no such trade off was found in highly parasitized populations, suggesting that there may be a cost in fecundity to this gigantis

    Création et quasi-disparition du vignoble de Haute-Loue

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    Pourquoi et comment un vignoble s'est-il implanté et développé dans la Haute vallée de la Loue ? Pourquoi et comment a-t-il quasiment disparu ? Pourquoi et comment a-t-il été reconstitué en partie récemment ? Telles sont les questions auxquelles l'auteur s'efforce de répondre. La renaissance du vignoble de Haute-Loue au cours des derniÚres décennies sera abordée dans un prochain numéro

    THREE TEMPORAL PERSPECTIVES ON DECENTRALIZED LOCATION-AWARE COMPUTING: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE

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    Durant les quatre derniĂšres dĂ©cennies, la miniaturisation a permis la diffusion Ă  large Ă©chelle des ordinateurs, les rendant omniprĂ©sents. Aujourd’hui, le nombre d’objets connectĂ©s Ă  Internet ne cesse de croitre et cette tendance n’a pas l’air de ralentir. Ces objets, qui peuvent ĂȘtre des tĂ©lĂ©phones mobiles, des vĂ©hicules ou des senseurs, gĂ©nĂšrent de trĂšs grands volumes de donnĂ©es qui sont presque toujours associĂ©s Ă  un contexte spatiotemporel. Le volume de ces donnĂ©es est souvent si grand que leur traitement requiert la crĂ©ation de systĂšme distribuĂ©s qui impliquent la coopĂ©ration de plusieurs ordinateurs. La capacitĂ© de traiter ces donnĂ©es revĂȘt une importance sociĂ©tale. Par exemple: les donnĂ©es collectĂ©es lors de trajets en voiture permettent aujourd’hui d’éviter les em-bouteillages ou de partager son vĂ©hicule. Un autre exemple: dans un avenir proche, les donnĂ©es collectĂ©es Ă  l’aide de gyroscopes capables de dĂ©tecter les trous dans la chaussĂ©e permettront de mieux planifier les interventions de maintenance Ă  effectuer sur le rĂ©seau routier. Les domaines d’applications sont par consĂ©quent nombreux, de mĂȘme que les problĂšmes qui y sont associĂ©s. Les articles qui composent cette thĂšse traitent de systĂšmes qui partagent deux caractĂ©ristiques clĂ©s: un contexte spatiotemporel et une architecture dĂ©centralisĂ©e. De plus, les systĂšmes dĂ©crits dans ces articles s’articulent autours de trois axes temporels: le prĂ©sent, le passĂ©, et le futur. Les systĂšmes axĂ©s sur le prĂ©sent permettent Ă  un trĂšs grand nombre d’objets connectĂ©s de communiquer en fonction d’un contexte spatial avec des temps de rĂ©ponses proche du temps rĂ©el. Nos contributions dans ce domaine permettent Ă  ce type de systĂšme dĂ©centralisĂ© de s’adapter au volume de donnĂ©e Ă  traiter en s’étendant sur du matĂ©riel bon marchĂ©. Les systĂšmes axĂ©s sur le passĂ© ont pour but de faciliter l’accĂšs a de trĂšs grands volumes donnĂ©es spatiotemporelles collectĂ©es par des objets connectĂ©s. En d’autres termes, il s’agit d’indexer des trajectoires et d’exploiter ces indexes. Nos contributions dans ce domaine permettent de traiter des jeux de trajectoires particuliĂšrement denses, ce qui n’avait pas Ă©tĂ© fait auparavant. Enfin, les systĂšmes axĂ©s sur le futur utilisent les trajectoires passĂ©es pour prĂ©dire les trajectoires que des objets connectĂ©s suivront dans l’avenir. Nos contributions permettent de prĂ©dire les trajectoires suivies par des objets connectĂ©s avec une granularitĂ© jusque lĂ  inĂ©galĂ©e. Bien qu’impliquant des domaines diffĂ©rents, ces contributions s’articulent autour de dĂ©nominateurs communs des systĂšmes sous-jacents, ouvrant la possibilitĂ© de pouvoir traiter ces problĂšmes avec plus de gĂ©nĂ©ricitĂ© dans un avenir proche. -- During the past four decades, due to miniaturization computing devices have become ubiquitous and pervasive. Today, the number of objects connected to the Internet is in- creasing at a rapid pace and this trend does not seem to be slowing down. These objects, which can be smartphones, vehicles, or any kind of sensors, generate large amounts of data that are almost always associated with a spatio-temporal context. The amount of this data is often so large that their processing requires the creation of a distributed system, which involves the cooperation of several computers. The ability to process these data is important for society. For example: the data collected during car journeys already makes it possible to avoid traffic jams or to know about the need to organize a carpool. Another example: in the near future, the maintenance interventions to be carried out on the road network will be planned with data collected using gyroscopes that detect potholes. The application domains are therefore numerous, as are the prob- lems associated with them. The articles that make up this thesis deal with systems that share two key characteristics: a spatio-temporal context and a decentralized architec- ture. In addition, the systems described in these articles revolve around three temporal perspectives: the present, the past, and the future. Systems associated with the present perspective enable a very large number of connected objects to communicate in near real-time, according to a spatial context. Our contributions in this area enable this type of decentralized system to be scaled-out on commodity hardware, i.e., to adapt as the volume of data that arrives in the system increases. Systems associated with the past perspective, often referred to as trajectory indexes, are intended for the access to the large volume of spatio-temporal data collected by connected objects. Our contributions in this area makes it possible to handle particularly dense trajectory datasets, a problem that has not been addressed previously. Finally, systems associated with the future per- spective rely on past trajectories to predict the trajectories that the connected objects will follow. Our contributions predict the trajectories followed by connected objects with a previously unmet granularity. Although involving different domains, these con- tributions are structured around the common denominators of the underlying systems, which opens the possibility of being able to deal with these problems more generically in the near future
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