Esquemas de nivelación en sistemas de financiación descentralizados. Algunos comentarios a la fórmula propuesta en el libro blanco

En su reunión del día siete de octubre de 1993, el Consejo de Política Fiscal y Financiera (CPFF) acordó la elaboración de un Libro Blanco por un grupo de expertos independientes sobre los problemas actuales de la financiación de las Comunidades Autónomas (CCAA) y sus posibles vías de solución. Dicho Informe fue presentado en dos partes, una en octubre de 1994 y otra en marzo de 1995. El punto de partida es, como dijimos, la identificación de los problemas básicos del actual sistema de financiación de las CCAA, lo que no impide que, globalmente, se valore positivamente el funcionamiento del mismo durante estos años. La comunicación que se presenta es un comentario al esquema de nivelación propugnado por los expertos y se centra por tanto en cuestiones de equidad y solidaridad. Después de una breve síntesis del mismo, las observaciones que siguen se refieren a cuatro aspectos fundamentales: la opción de nivelación elegida, los "criterios" de equidad enunciados, el posible conflicto con el principio de autonomía y una referencia final a la dimensión temporal del mencionado esquema

DOBLE IMPOSICIÓN, "EFECTO CLIENTELA" Y AVERSIÓN AL RIESGO

This paper is aimed at studying robustness in the so-called clientele effect. After having developed the basic characteristics of the global analysis, two different elements which have effects on tax policy are analysed. On one hand, we assume that business saving produces a gain, but in this case, the shareholder obtains an income about which there is no certainty because there is some risk. On the other hand, we have changed the assumption according to which the stock market reflects the theoretical value of shares; in this sense we take for granted that appreciation of companies assets in the equities market reflect a specific mixture of the theoretical and the resulting value from capitalising distributed profits. Classification-JEL : H2, D8, G3.Clientele effect, risk aversion, double taxation.

¿Es rentable para el sector público invertir en educación?

The present paper analyzes one of the advantages that a country can derive from people with higher educational levels, i.e. higher tax revenues resulting from the higher earnings from higher school attainment.More specifically, we test whether the marginal revenue obtained by the public sector from taxpayers holding an additional educational level is higher than the marginal public expenditure on them. To accomplish this aim, we extend Psacharopoulos (1981) analysis and calculate internal rates of return for public expenditure in schooling. Our results suggest that taxpayers with an additional educational level, including those attaining post-compulsory educational levels, are profitable for the public sector.Education expenditure, tax burden, internal rate of return.

Determinants of grade retention in France and Spain: Does birth month matter?

In France and Spain, children born in the same calendar year start school together, regardless of maturity differences due to their birth month. This paper analyses the educational impact of birth month on the probability of grade retention controlling by other covariates. Using the PISA 2009 database for both countries, wedo identify a great impact on grade retention since students born in the last months of the year are between 70% and 80% more likely to repeat a grade than children born in the first months of the same year. We conclude that policy interventions are required in those countries to ensure that individuals are not unfairly penalized by their birth month

Medición de la eficiencia en la provisión del servicio municipal de recogida de basuras

El trabajo empírico realizado sobre la medición de la eficiencia microeconómica en la provisión de bienes y servicios públicos es relativamente amplio, especialmente en lo que respecta al sector sanitario. Sin embargo, y curiosamente, las aplicaciones al campo de los servicios públicos locales son más bien escasa. En este marco de análisis se encuadra la comunicación que presentamos. Nuestra intención es profundizar en la medición de la eficiencia en el campo de los servicios públicos provistos por los municipios españoles. Concretamente, el programa de investigación que presentamos tiene un doble objetivo. En primer lugar, pretende medir la eficiencia en la provisión del servicio municipal de recogida de basuras utilizando técnicas no paramétricas. En segundo lugar, se tratarán de explicar los indicadores de eficiencia obtenidos mediante la estimación de un modelo econométrico en el que se incorporarán variables de tipo sociodemográfico y económico, de tipo político, de carácter fiscal y de tipo organizativo de los municipios estudiado

Financial education and student financial literacy: A cross-country analysis using PISA 2012 data

The aim of this research is to explore whether teaching basic financial concepts at schools helps to improve students’ ability to apply the knowledge and skills that they learn to real-life situations involving financial issues and decision making measured by a standardized financial literacy assessment. To do this, we exploit the rich set of comparative data about the countries participating in the PISA 2012 financial literacy module. Our empirical analysis is based on multilevel (hierarchical) regression modeling including country fixed effects. Our results suggest that the availability of financial education is positively and significantly related to students’ financial literacy, regardless of the strategy applied to teach financial concepts. Nevertheless, it has a very small influence compared to the major role played by other individual- and school-level factors. In addition, we find that students receiving courses taught by specialists from private institutions and non-governmental organizations achieve better results than others receiving financial education training from their teachersThe authors would like to express their gratitude to the Savings Banks Foundation (Fundación de las Cajas de Ahorros –FUNCAS-) and the Spanish Ministry for Economy and Competitiveness for supporting this research through grant ECO2017-83759-P

Secondary schools efficiencyand non-controllable inputs: sensibility of the results to different DEA model specifications

The aim of this paper is to study how much sensitive efficiency scores are when different approaches proposed in the literature are used to include exogenous factors in efficiency analysis. Specifically, we will concentrate on two crucial issues. One the one hand, although we have an extensive data set on these variables derived from school surveys, it is not possible to use all these data, so we consider the possibility of either including the most relevant variables in the efficiency analysis or using Principal Components Analysis to summarise information contained in such variables. On the other hand, two alternative methodologies are considered to include these factors in efficiency analyisis, we will compare the approach according to which such factors must be taken into account to calculate the final efficiency indices and alternative multi-stage approaches. The analysis covers 79 public high schools in the region of Extremadura (Spain) for the 2001-02 school year.Data Envelopment, Analysis (DEA), secondary schools, non-controllable inpunts