The tumor burden score may be a discriminator in microwave ablation versus liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria: a propensity score matching and inverse probability of treatment weighting study

PurposeThis study aims to compare the prognostic outcome of resection (RES) and microwave ablation (MWA) in different tumor burden score (TBS) cohorts.Patients and MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 479 patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who underwent RES (n = 329) or MWA (n = 150) with curative intent at our institution. We assessed their overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) using the Kaplan–Meier curve. Propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) were performed to minimize selection and confounding biases. Multivariate Cox regression was used to define the association between surgical modalities and outcomes.ResultsFollowing PSM, in the TBS ≤3 cohort, the cumulative 1-, 3-, 5- year OS in the RES and MWA groups were 92.5% vs. 98.8%, 82.7% vs. 90.0%, and 82.7% vs. 83.2% (P = 0.366), respectively. The corresponding PFS rates in the RES and MWA groups were 82.7% vs. 88.0%, 63.6% vs. 68.3% and 55.2% vs. 56.3, respectively (P = 0.218). In the TBS >3 cohort, the cumulative 1-, 3-, 5- year OS between the RES and MWA groups were 92.5% vs. 95.0%, 82.8% vs. 73.2% and 76.3% vs. 55.1%, (P = 0.034), respectively. The corresponding PFS rates in the RES and MWA groups were 78.0% vs. 67.5%, 63.6% vs. 37.5% and 55.2% vs. 37.1%, respectively (P = 0.044). The IPTW analysis showed similar results as shown in PSM analysis. The multivariate Cox regression indicated that the type of surgical modality was not associated with a poorer prognostic outcome in the TBS ≤3 cohort, unlike in the TBS >3 cohort.ConclusionTBS, as a discriminator, might help guide treatment decision-making for HCC within the Milan criteria

Idiopathic desmoid-type fibromatosis of the pancreatic head: case report and literature review

Desmoid-type fibromatosis (DTF) is an uncommon nonmetastatic fibrous neoplasm. Sporadic intraperitoneal DTF is rarely described in current literature. We herein report a case of DTF of unknown cause involving the pancreatic head. A 41-year-old man presented with recurrent epigastric pain and weight loss. An abdominal computed tomography scan showed a well-delineated solid cystic mass inside the pancreatic head. Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed due to the patient’s debilitating symptoms and suspected malignancy. The pathological examination revealed massive fibroblastic proliferation arising from the musculoaponeurotic tissues, consistent with a diagnosis of DTF. Immunohistochemical phenotyping determined positive immunoreactivity to vimentin and β-catenin, but negative immunoreactivity to smooth muscle actin, CD117, CD34, or S-100, confirming the diagnosis of DTF. No local recurrence or distant metastasis was found during a 24-month follow-up. Radical resection is recommended as first-line treatment for pancreatic DTF. Long-term follow-up studies are required to establish the prognosis of pancreatic DTF

Prevention of surgical site infection after liver cancer resection

Surgical site infection (SSI) often increases the length of hospital stay, economic burden, and even mortality of patients undergoing liver cancer resection. Targeted preventive measures help to reduce SSI. This article introduces the preventive measures for SSI, including improvement of patients′ physical condition (such as preoperative smoking cessation, blood sugar control, and improvement of nutrition and liver function), improvement of surgical procedure (such as skin disinfection, incision management, precise liver resection, laparoscopic hepatectomy, liver section management, abdominal cavity flushing, placement of drainage tube, and prevention of intestinal injury and bile leakage), and prophylactic use of antibiotics. It is pointed out that the development of SSI after liver cancer resection is the result of multiple risk factors, and that the keys to SSI prevention include strict control of surgical indications, accurate preoperative assessment, precise intraoperative operation, careful postoperative management, and rational use of antibiotics

Prostaglandin E1 Preconditioning Attenuates Liver Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in a Rat Model of Extrahepatic Cholestasis

The aim of this study is to explore the hepatoprotective effect of intraportal prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on liver ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury using an extrahepatic cholestatic model, observing oxidative stress markers, proinflammatory factors, apoptotic marker proteins, and an adhesion molecule. The extrahepatic cholestatic model was induced by common bile duct ligation. After seven days, rats were subjected to ischemia by Pringle maneuver for 15 min, followed by 1, 6, or 24 h of reperfusion. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE group) or normal saline (NS group) was continuously infused from 15 min before liver ischemia to 1 h after reperfusion. After reperfusion, histopathological evaluation of the liver was performed, as were measurements of bilirubin, biochemical enzymes, oxidative stress markers (GSH and MDA), proinflammatory factors (MPO, TNF-α, and IL-1β), apoptotic marker proteins (Bcl-2 and Bax), and the adhesion molecule (ICAM-1). PGE1 pretreatment attenuated IR injury in extrahepatic cholestatic liver probably by suppressing MDA, MPO, TNF-α, IL-1β, ICAM-1, and Bax levels and improving GSH and Bcl-2 levels. In conclusion, PGE1 protects extrahepatic cholestatic liver from IR injury by improving hepatic microcirculation and reducing oxidative stress damage, intrahepatic neutrophil infiltration, and hepatocyte apoptosis

Immune checkpoint therapy in liver cancer

Abstract Immune checkpoints include stimulatory and inhibitory checkpoint molecules. In recent years, inhibitory checkpoints, including cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), have been identified to suppress anti-tumor immune responses in solid tumors. Novel drugs targeting immune checkpoints have succeeded in cancer treatment. Specific PD-1 blockades were approved for treatment of melanoma in 2014 and for treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer in 2015 in the United States, European Union, and Japan. Preclinical and clinical studies show immune checkpoint therapy provides survival benefit for greater numbers of patients with liver cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma, two main primary liver cancers. The combination of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies is being evaluated in phase 1, 2 or 3 trials, and the results suggest that an anti-PD-1 antibody combined with locoregional therapy or other molecular targeted agents is an effective treatment strategy for HCC. In addition, studies on activating co-stimulatory receptors to enhance anti-tumor immune responses have increased our understanding regarding this immunotherapy in liver cancer. Epigenetic modulations of checkpoints for improving the tumor microenvironment also expand our knowledge of potential therapeutic targets in improving the tumor microenvironment and restoring immune recognition and immunogenicity. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and recent developments in immune checkpoint-based therapies for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma and attempt to clarify the mechanisms underlying its effects

Prediction of the Factors Influencing the Shengjing Classification of Portal Vein Thrombosis after Splenectomy for Portal Hypertension in Cirrhosis: A Single-Center Retrospective Case-Control Study

Objective. To compare the survival time of patients with portal vein thrombosis after splenectomy for portal hypertension in cirrhosis and explore the influencing factors of the Shengjing classification. Methods. Clinical data of 108 patients with portal vein thrombosis after splenectomy in the department of general surgery of our hospital from November 2011 to December 2018 were selected, and a retrospective analysis was performed. Results. Among 108 patients with postoperative PVST formation, 9 had type Ia, 32 type Ib, 39 type IIa, 20 type IIb, 5 type IIIa, 3 type IIIb, and 0 type IV. Survival analysis showed that the difference in survival time distribution among the Shengjing typing groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). The higher the classification level, the shorter the survival time and the higher the risk of death. The results of a single-factor analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in the PVST Shengjing typing groups between the preoperative group with or without hepatitis, preoperative d-dimer level, and postoperative day 14 fibrinogen (FIB) level (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the OR value of higher PVST Shengjing typing in patients with hepatitis was 4.634 times higher than that in patients without hepatitis (95% CI: 1.593-13.478, χ2=7.922, P=0.005<0.05). Preoperative d-dimer volume increased by 1 μg/L; the OR value of higher grade PVST Shengjing typing was 1.001 times higher (95% CI: 1.000-1.002) than that of lower grade PVST Shengjing typing (χ2=8.369, P=0.004<0.05). Conclusions. The survival time of patients with portal vein system thrombosis after splenectomy was significantly different among Shengjing typing groups, and the higher the classification level, the shorter the survival time and the higher the risk of death. In patients with portal hypertension in cirrhosis and PVST formation after splenectomy, if the preoperative d-dimer level is high or accompanied by hepatitis virus, the formation of PVST will involve a wide range, the disease is more serious, and the prognosis is also poor, so corresponding preventive measures should be taken to avoid the aggravation of PVST

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma adjacent to large vessels: a propensity score matching analysis

Purpose This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) adjacent to large vessels with those far from large vessels. Methods The clinical data of patients who underwent ultrasound-guided percutaneous MWA for HCC were retrospectively analyzed between January 2011 and December 2018 in Shengjing Hospital. Patients with HCC adjacent to large vessels were included in the Vessel group, the remaining patients were included in the Control group. Propensity score matching analysis was used to reduce confounding bias. The rates of complete ablation, local recurrence, recurrence-free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS) and complications were compared between the two groups. Results A total of 134 patients with 157 nodules (size range, 0.6–3.8 cm) were enrolled in this study, 23 in the Vessel group and 111 in the Control group. A total of 21 patients in the Vessel group (91.3%) and 105 patients in the Control group (94.6%) achieved complete ablation (p = .902). Following 1:2 propensity score matching, 22 patients were included in the Vessel group and 40 patients were enrolled in the Control group. Local recurrence was observed in 2 (9.1%) patients in the Vessel group and 5 (12.5%) in the Control group (p = .86). No significant difference in local recurrence rate, RFS and OS were observed between the two groups. Conclusions Ultrasound-guided percutaneous MWA appears to be a safe procedure and can achieve comparable oncological efficacy for HCC abutting large vessels

Differential Effects of Three Techniques for Hepatic Vascular Exclusion during Resection for Liver Cirrhosis on Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Background/Aims. Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a serious concern during hepatic vascular occlusion. The objectives of this study were to assess effects of three techniques for hepatic vascular occlusion on I/R injury and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods. Liver cirrhotic rats had undertaken Pringle maneuver (PR), hemihepatic vascular occlusion (HH), or hepatic blood inflow occlusion without hemihepatic artery control (WH). Levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF), and hemeoxygenase 1 (HMOX1) were assayed. Results. The histopathologic analysis displayed that liver harm was more prominent in the PR group, but similar in the HH and WH groups. The HH and WH groups responded to hepatic I/R inflammation similarly but better than the PR group. Mechanical studies suggested that TNF-α/NF-κB signaling and TLR4/TRIF transduction pathways were associated with the differential effects. In addition, the HH and WH groups had significantly higher levels of hepatic HMOX1 (P<0.05) than the PR group. Conclusions. HH and WH confer better preservation of liver function and protection than the Pringle maneuver in combating I/R injury. Upregulation of HMOX1 may lead to better protection and clinical outcomes after liver resection