Analysis on Colonization Dynamics and Phosphate Solubilization Effects of a Penicillium Strain in Soil

【Objective】The colonization dynamics and phosphate solubilization effects of Penicillium brocae in soil were studied in order to provide references for the development and application of soil phosphate solubilization bioinoculant, .【Method】A P. brocae transformant Z3 with multiple molecular screening makers was used for soil cultivation test. Combining with the screening makers, the colony forming units (CFU) of Z3 in soil were quantified with plate counting method at different time nodes and the soil available phosphate (AP) was measured at the same time.【Result】The green fluorescent protein (gfp), hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hph) and β-glucuronidase (gus) genes could expressed normally in Z3, and there was no significant difference in the growth curve and phosphate solubilization ability between Z3 and wild type (Wt) strain. The colonization number of Z3 in soil decreased from 1×106 CFU/g to 1×105 CFU/g at the first stage, then it increased to the maximum value of 4.3×106 CFU/g at the third week and followed by a gradually decreasing to 1.4×103 CFU/g in soil at the tenth week. The soil AP content showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. At the sixth week, the soil AP reached the maximum value of 14.7 mg/L which increased by 41.3% compared to the AP of original soil. After inoculation for seven weeks, the soli AP gradually decreased to 12.7 mg/L at the tenth week which still increased by 22.1% compared to the AP of original soil. Additionally, it was also found that the colonization number of Z3 in soil were close to or higher than 1×105 CFU/g during the increasing of soil AP and the AP gradually decreased when the number of Z3 was significantly lower than 1×105 CFU/g.【Conclusion】The transformant Z3 can well colonize for ten weeks after being inoculated into soil, which shows good colonization ability and increases soil AP concentration significantly. Additionally, the colonization number of Z3 has a positive role in the maintenance of phosphate solubilization effects

Huaier Polysaccharide Interrupts PRV Infection via Reducing Virus Adsorption and Entry

A pseudorabies virus (PRV) novel virulent variant outbreak occurred in China in 2011. However, little is known about PRV prevention and treatment. Huaier polysaccharide has been used to treat some solid cancers, although its antiviral activity has not been reported. Our study confirmed that the polysaccharide can effectively inhibit infection of PRV XJ5 in PK15 cells. It acted in a dose-dependent manner when blocking virus adsorption and entry into PK15 cells. Moreover, it suppressed PRV replication in PK15 cells. In addition, the results suggest that Huaier polysaccharide plays a role in treating PRV XJ5 infection by directly inactivating PRV XJ5. In conclusion, Huaier polysaccharide might be a novel therapeutic agent for preventing and controlling PRV infection

Glycyrrhizin Inhibits PEDV Infection and Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion via the HMGB1/TLR4-MAPK p38 Pathway

Our previous study showed that glycyrrhizin (GLY) inhibited porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection, but the mechanisms of GLY anti-PEDV action remain unclear. In this study, we focused on the anti-PEDV and anti-proinflammatory cytokine secretion mechanisms of GLY. We found that PEDV infection had no effect on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein and mRNA levels, but that TLR4 regulated PEDV infection and the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, we demonstrated that TLR4 regulated p38 phosphorylation but not extracellular regulated protein kinases1/2 (Erk1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) phosphorylation, and that GLY inhibited p38 phosphorylation but not Erk1/2 and JNK phosphorylation. Therefore, we further explored the relationship between high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and p38. We demonstrated that inhibition of HMGB1 using an antibody, mutation, or knockdown decreased p38 phosphorylation. Thus, HMGB1 participated in activation of p38 through TLR4. Collectively, our data indicated that GLY inhibited PEDV infection and decreased proinflammatory cytokine secretion via the HMGB1/TLR4-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 pathway

Huaier Polysaccharide Interrupts PRV Infection via Reducing Virus Adsorption and Entry

A pseudorabies virus (PRV) novel virulent variant outbreak occurred in China in 2011. However, little is known about PRV prevention and treatment. Huaier polysaccharide has been used to treat some solid cancers, although its antiviral activity has not been reported. Our study confirmed that the polysaccharide can effectively inhibit infection of PRV XJ5 in PK15 cells. It acted in a dose-dependent manner when blocking virus adsorption and entry into PK15 cells. Moreover, it suppressed PRV replication in PK15 cells. In addition, the results suggest that Huaier polysaccharide plays a role in treating PRV XJ5 infection by directly inactivating PRV XJ5. In conclusion, Huaier polysaccharide might be a novel therapeutic agent for preventing and controlling PRV infection

Geochemical Characteristics and Development Model of the Coal-Measure Source Rock in the Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin

The development model of the coal-measure source rock may be different from that of the lacustrine source rock. The depositional environment of the coal-measure source rock is dominated by weak oxidation and weak reduction, and the majority of the organic material originates from terrestrial higher plants. Taking the Jurassic coal-measure source rock in the Kuqa Depression as the research object, the geochemical characteristics of the source rock are comprehensively analyzed, the primary controlling elements of source rock development are made clear, and the development model of the coal-measure source rock is established. This study contributes to the field of source rock prediction and oil and gas exploration. The lithology of the coal-measure source rock in the Kuqa Depression is mainly mudstone, carbonaceous mudstone, and coal, which are medium- to good-quality source rocks, and the organic matter type is mainly II2 and III. Terrestrial organic matter is a key factor in controlling the formation of coal-measure source rocks, and the sedimentation rate also has a certain influence. The redox degree of the depositional environment, water salinity, and clay mineral content has little influence on the development of coal-measure source rocks. By integrating the main control factors, the development model of the coal-measure source rock is established. It is considered that the development model and distribution characteristics of the coal-measure source rock are different from the traditional understanding of lacustrine source rocks, and it is pointed out that the coal-measure source rock in the gentle slope zone is more developed than the sag area

Geochemical Characteristics and Depositional Environment of Coal-Measure Hydrocarbon Source Rocks in the Northern Tectonic Belt, Kuqa Depression

A total of 21 samples were selected from a total of Jurassic coal-measure source rocks in the northern structural belt of the Kuqa Depression, in the Tarim Basin. By using a carbon-sulfur content analyzer, Rock Eval 7 rock pyrology instrument and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the abundance, type, depositional environment, and source of organic matter are confirmed. The factors that control the development of coal-measure hydrocarbon source rocks are analyzed. The pyrolysis parameters of rocks, such as total organic carbon (TOC), hydrocarbon generating potential (S1 + S2), hydrogen index (HI) and the highest pyrolysis peak temperature (Tmax), show that good to excellent coal-measure source rocks constitute the majority, and the types of organic matter are predominantly type III and occasionally type II. Low S/C ratio, high Pr/Ph value, and high C29 regular sterane levels suggest that the environment in which the coal-measure source rocks were deposited was oxidative, and the majority of the organic matter comes from higher terrestrial plants. In addition, the cross plot of isoprenoids with n-alkanes and the triangle diagrams of regular sterane also show that the primary source of organic matters in coal-measure source rocks is terrestrial higher plants. Because the shallow and turbulent water body is not easily stratified, the gammacerane content is low, which reflects the characteristics of low salinity. Combined with the cross plots of isoprenoids, it might be demonstrated that the freshwater environment is where the coal-measure source rocks were deposited. Comprehensive analysis shows that the oxidational and freshwater depositional environment is favorable to coal-measure source rock development

Inhomogeneous Microstructure Evolution of 6061 Aluminum Alloyat High Rotating Speed Submerged Friction Stir Processing

An inhomogeneous microstructure induced by high rotating speed submerged friction stir processing (HRS-SFSP) on 6061 aluminum alloy was researched in detail.The microstructures of the aluminum alloy processing zone were characterized by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) qualitatively and quantitatively.The results show that the recrystallization proportion in the inhomogeneous structure of the processing zone is 14.3%, 37.8% and 35.9%, respectively. Different degrees of grain deformation can affect the dislocation and lead to the formation of a plastic–elastic interface. At the same time, the second-phase particles in the processing zone were inhomogeneity and relatively, which further promotes the plastic–elastic interface effect. The plastic–elastic interface can significantly improve the strength of aluminum alloy, whileat the same time, rely on recrystallized grains to provide enough plasticity. When the rotation speed was 3600 r/min, the strength and ductility of the aluminum alloy after HRS-SFSP were increased by 48.7% and 10.2% respectively compared with that of BM. In all, the plastic–elastic interface can be formed by using high rotating speed submerged friction stir processing, and the strength-ductility synergy of aluminum alloy can be realized at the plastic–elastic interface

Geochemical characteristics and ecological effects of Se and Zn in topsoil in Western Fuling of Chongqing

A large area of soil in China is deficient in selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn)，meanwhile, Se and Zn are essential trace elements for human body, so it is of great significance to find Se and Zn rich soil to cultivate crops. Based on the data of Se and Zn in topsoil, crops and root soil obtained from 1:50000 land quality geochemical survey, this paper taking the western area of Fuling in Chongqing as the research area, studies the content and spatial distribution characteristics of Se and Zn in soil and crops, and analyzes the enrichment law of Se and Zn in agricultural crops. The results show that the average values of Se and Zn in the topsoil of the study area are 0.265mg/kg and 77.56mg/kg respectively. There are some differences in the contents of Se and Zn in different geological backgrounds, soil parent materials and soil types. The high value areas of Se and Zn are mainly distributed in the exposed areas of Triassic carbonate; in the study area, the average contents of Se and Zn in maize seeds are 0.029mg/kg and 20.752mg/kg respectively, and the enrichment rates are 96% and 82% respectively. The average contents of Se and Zn in rice seeds are 0.032mg/kg and 11.463mg/kg respectively, and the enrichment rates are 13.3% and 5% respectively. The bioaccumulation coefficients of Se and Zn in maize are higher than that in rice, and the availability of Se and Zn elements in maize root soil is higher.The results can provide geochemical basis for developing characteristic land resources, functional agriculture and promoting rural revitalization in Fuling District

Adsorption and degradation of imazapic in soils under different environmental conditions.

Imazapic is widely used in peanut production, and its residues can cause damage to succeeding crops planted in the following year. The planting area of peanut is large in Henan province. Inceptisol is the main soil type in Henan Province and was used in laboratory experiments that were conducted to investigate imazapic degradation in soil under various environmental conditions. The results indicated that the imazapic degradation rate increased with an increase in temperature, soil pH, and soil moisture, and decreased with organic matter content. The use of biogas slurry as a soil amendment accelerated imazapic degradation. The half-life of imazapic in sterilized soil (364.7 d) was longer than in unsterilized soil (138.6 d), which suggested that there was a significant microbial contribution to imazapic degradation. Imazapic adsorption was also examined and was found to be well described by the Freundlich isotherm. The results indicate that soil has a certain adsorption capacity for imazapic