5,607 research outputs found
Query on Negative Temperature, Internal Interactions and Decrease of Entropy
After negative temperature is restated, we find that it will derive
necessarily decrease of entropy. Negative temperature is based on the Kelvin
scale and the condition dU>0 and dS<0. Conversely, there is also negative
temperature for dU0. But, negative temperature is contradiction with
usual meaning of temperature and with some basic concepts of physics and
mathematics. It is a question in nonequilibrium thermodynamics. We proposed a
possibility of decrease of entropy due to fluctuation magnified and internal
interactions in some isolated systems. From this we discuss some possible
examples and theories.Comment: 9 page
Gravitational Collapse and Radiation of Grand Unified Theory
The infinite gravitational collapse of any supermassive stars should pass
through an energy scale of the grand unified theory (GUT). After
nucleon-decays, the supermassive star will convert nearly all its mass into
energy, and produce the radiation of GUT. It may probably explain some
ultrahigh energy puzzles in astrophysics, for example, quasars and gamma-ray
bursts (GRB), etc. This is similar with a process of the Big Bang Universe with
a time-reversal evolution in much smaller space scale and mass scale. In this
process the star seems be a true white hole.Comment: 5 page
Loop Quantum Theory Applied to Biology and Nonlinear Whole Biology
The loop quantum theory, which constitutes a very small discontinuous space,
as new method is applied to biology. The model of protein folding and lungs is
proposed. In the model, some known results are used, and four approximate
conclusions are obtained: their structures are quantized, their space regions
are finite, various singularities correspond to folding and crossed points, and
different types of catastrophe exist. Further, based on the inseparability and
correlativity of the biological systems, the nonlinear whole biology is
proposed, and four basic hypotheses are formed. It may unify reductionism and
holism, structuralism and functionalism. Finally, the medical meaning of the
theory is discussed briefly.Comment: 10 page
Magnetic Moment Formulas of Baryons Determined by Quantum Numbers
We propose that the magnetic moment formulas of baryons may be determined by
quantum numbers, and obtain three formulas. This is a new type of magnetic
moment formula, and agrees better with the experimental values. It is also
similar to corresponding mass formulas of hadrons.Comment: 4 page
Perfect Structure of the Special Relativity, Superluminal, Neutrino-Photon Mass and New Entangled Interaction
First, some superluminal phenomena and experiments are introduced briefly.
Next, based on the basic principles of the special relativity, the Lorentz
transformation (LT) with smaller velocity and the general Lorentz
transformation (GLT) with larger velocity should be derived simultaneously by
the classification of the timelike and the spacelike intervals. In deriving LT,
an additional independent hypothesis has been used, thus the values of velocity
are restricted absolutely, and the spacelike interval is excluded. LT and GLT
are connected by the de Broglie relation. The fundamental properties of any
four-vector and the strange characteristic which these tachyons should possess
are described. The various superluminal transformations are discussed. Further,
we think that LT is unsuitable for photon and neutrino, the photon
transformation (PT) is unified for space and time. It may reasonably overcome
some existing difficulties, and cannot restrict that the rest mass of photon
and neutrino must be zero. LT, GLT and PT together form a complete structure of
the Lorentz group. Finally, we discuss that new experiments on the quantum
entangled state shown some characters, for example, coherency, nonlocality,
quantum teleportation and superluminal. Further, it should be a new fifth
interaction, and may probably apply GLT.Comment: 14 page
Decrease of Entropy and Chemical Reactions
The chemical reactions are very complex, and include oscillation,
condensation, catalyst and self-organization, etc. In these case changes of
entropy may increase or decrease. The second law of thermodynamics is based on
an isolated system and statistical independence. If fluctuations magnified due
to internal interactions exist in the system, entropy will decrease possibly.
In chemical reactions there are various internal interactions, so that some
ordering processes with decrease of entropy are possible on an isolated system.
For example, a simplifying Fokker-Planck equation is solved, and the hysteresis
as limit cycle is discussed.Comment: 8 page
Multiply Connected Topological Economics, Confidence Relation and Political Economy
Using the similar formulas of the preference relation and the utility
function, we propose the confidence relations and the corresponding influence
functions that represent various interacting strengths of different families,
cliques and systems of organization. Since they can affect products, profit and
prices, etc., in an economic system, and are usually independent of economic
results, therefore, the system can produce a multiply connected topological
economics. If the political economy is an economy chaperoned polity, it will
produce consequentially a binary economy. When the changes of the product and
the influence are independent one another, they may be a node or saddle point.
When the influence function large enough achieves a certain threshold value, it
will form a wormhole with loss of capital. Various powers produce usually the
economic wormhole and various corruptions.Comment: 6 page; 3 figure
Nonlinear Dynamics, Lorenz Model and Formation of Binary Stars
Based on the Lorenz model derived from the equations of hydrodynamics of
nebula, we discuss the formation of binary stars by the qualitative analysis
theory of nonlinear equation. Here the two wings in the Lorenz model form just
the binary stars, whose Roche surface is result of evolution under certain
condition. The nonlinear interaction plays a crucial role, and is necessary
condition of the formation of binary stars and of multiple stars. While the
linear equations form only a single star. Moreover, the Lorenz model may be
obtained from synergetics yet, and some dynamical equations of the order
parameter can also form the binary star system.Comment: 8 page
Y-Q and I-U Symmetries, and New Unified Lifetime Formulas of Hadrons
Based on the Y-Q and I-U symmetries between mass and lifetime on the general
SU(3) theory, we can derive the lifetime formulas of hyperons and mesons, which
agree better with experiments. It is a new method on lifetime of hadrons
described by quantum numbers. They are symmetrical with the corresponding mass
formulas, and can be unified for mass and lifetime. Further, these formulas may
extend to describe masses and lifetime of heavy flavor hadrons.Comment: 7 page
Quantitative Calculations of Decrease of Entropy in Thermodynamics of Microstructure and Sufficient-Necessary Condition of Decrease of Entropy in Isolated System
Firstly, we calculate quantitatively decrease of entropy by the known
formulas in the ordering phenomena and nucleation of thermodynamics of
microstructure. They show again that a necessary condition of decrease of
entropy in isolated system is existence of internal interactions. Further,
sufficient and necessary condition of decrease of entropy is also discussed
quantitatively. Then some possible decreases of entropy are researched. A
complete symmetrical structure on change of entropy is obtained. The analysis
for many experiments and theories shows that the second law of the
thermodynamics should be developed.Comment: 8 page
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