Sociodemographic, reproductive, anthropometric, and lifestyle characteristics of study subjects.

<p>CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; HPV, human papillomavirus; BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent; SD, standard deviation.</p>1<p>Analysis of variance for continuous variables and χ² test for categorical variables.</p>2<p>Values in rows with different superscripts are significantly different from each other.</p

Association of total calorie intake and physical activity with the risk of CIN1, CIN2/3, and cervical cancer.

<p>ORs, odds ratios; 95% CIs, 95% confidence intervals; CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; MET, metabolic equivalent.</p>1<p>Adjusted for age (years, continuous), parity (0, 1, 2, and ≥3), smoking habit status (never vs. ever), menopause (premenopause vs. postmenopause), human papillomavirus infection status (negative vs. positive), alcohol consumption status (never vs. ever), and oral contraceptive use (never vs. ever).</p

Association of height, weight, and BMI with the risk of CIN1, CIN2/3, and cervical cancer.

<p>ORs, odds ratios; 95% CIs, 95% confidence intervals; CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; BMI, body mass index.</p>1<p>Adjusted for age (years, continuous), parity (0, 1, 2, and ≥3), smoking habit status (never vs. ever), menopause (premenopause vs. postmenopause), human papillomavirus infection status (negative vs. positive), alcohol consumption status (never vs. ever), and oral contraceptive use (never vs. ever).</p

Interaction of plasma folate and the degree of PBMC L1 methylation on indicators of EBW after adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors.

<p>PBMC L1-peripheral blood mononuclear cell long interspersed nucleotide element-1, EBW- excess body weight BMI-body mass index, BF-body fat, WC-waist circumference</p>*<p>P < 0.05</p

A Lower Degree of PBMC L1 Methylation Is Associated with Excess Body Weight and Higher HOMA-IR in the Presence of Lower Concentrations of Plasma Folate

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Identification of associations between global DNA methylation and excess body weight (EBW) and related diseases and their modifying factors are an unmet research need that may lead to decreasing DNA methylation-associated disease risks in humans. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the following; 1) Association between the degree of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) L1 methylation and folate, and indicators of EBW, 2) Association between the degree of PBMC L1 methylation and folate, and insulin resistance (IR) as indicated by a higher homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR).</p> <h3>Methods</h3><p>The study population consisted of 470 child-bearing age women diagnosed with abnormal pap. The degree of PBMC L1 methylation was assessed by pyrosequencing. Logistic regression models specified indicators of EBW (body mass index–BMI, body fat–BF and waist circumference–WC) or HOMA-IR as dependent variables and the degree of PBMC L1 methylation and circulating concentrations of folate as the independent predictor of primary interest.</p> <h3>Results</h3><p>Women with a lower degree of PBMC L1 methylation and lower plasma folate concentrations were significantly more likely to have higher BMI, % BF or WC (OR = 2.49, 95% CI:1.41–4.47, <em>P</em> = 0.002; OR = 2.49, 95% CI:1.40–4.51, <em>P</em> = 0.002 and OR = 1.98, 95%  = 1.14–3.48 <em>P</em> = 0.0145, respectively) and higher HOMA-IR (OR = 1.78, 95% CI:1.02–3.13, P = 0.041).</p> <h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our results demonstrated that a lower degree of PBMC L1 methylation is associated with excess body weight and higher HOMA-IR, especially in the presence of lower concentrations of plasma folate.</p> </div

Mean ± SD and median degree of PBMC L1 methylation by categories of EBW indicators and circulating concentrations of folate.

<p>PBMC L1-peripheral blood mononuclear cell long interspersed nucleotide element-1, EBW- excess body weight, BMI-body mass index, BF-body fat, WC-waist circumference</p>*<p>Wilcoxon rank sum test</p

The distribution of women by different combinations of plasma and RBC folate and the degree of PBMC L1 methylation by EBW indicators and HOMA-IR.

<p>PBMC L1-peripheral blood mononuclear cell long interspersed nucleotide element-1, EBW- excess body weight BMI-body mass index, BF-body fat, WC-waist circumference</p>*<p>Pearson's chi-square test</p

The association between the degree of PBMC L1 methylation and indicators of EBW after controlling for demographic and lifestyle factors.

<p>PBMC L1-peripheral blood mononuclear cell long interspersed nucleotide element-1, EBW- excess body weight BMI-body mass index, BF-body fat, WC-waist circumference</p>*<p>P < 0.05</p

The demographic and life style factors of the study population based on indicators of EBW.

<p>EBW-excess body weight, BMI-body mass index , BF-body fat, WC-waist circumference</p>!<p>CDC recommendation for moderate physical activity is 150 min/week</p>*<p>P values for Pearson's chi-square test are shown for frequencies and median test for comparison of medians</p

Interaction of RBC folate and the degree of PBMC L1 methylation on indicators of EBW after adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors.

<p>PBMC L1-peripheral blood mononuclear cell long interspersed nucleotide element-1, EBW- excess body weight BMI-body mass index, BF-body fat, WC-waist circumference, RBC- red blood cell</p>*<p>P < 0.05</p