Biocidal properties of Hybrid Nanonanomaterial

Background: Cancer is one of the essential unpredictable diseases worldwide; simultaneously, complicated issues created are by the human health system. Especially, breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women and is increasing remarkably in developing countries. It is a leading cause of cancer death in women, and breast cancer incidence rates are growing globally. To diagnose and treat cancer cells, different methods such as Radiation Therapy, Surgery, and Chemotherapy. These methods are high risk, more side effects, and high costs. The advanced healthcare material was developed to overcome this problem, inexpensive tools, and diagnosis of less-toxic drugs with negligible risk factors to normal cells. Nanoscience and nanotechnology fields can create higher prospects for diagnosing cancer cells using multifunctional nanomaterials for advanced clinical applications. Methods: Mutifuntional ZnO-TiO2-sodium alginate hybrid nanomaterial was prepared by a simple precipitation process. Results: ZnO-TiO2-Sodium alginate (ZTSAO) hybrid nanomaterial was successfully fabricated via a simple precipitation process. XRD patterns confirmed that the formation of ZTSAO crystal revealed a hexagonal wurtzite structure. The photoluminescence spectrum of ZTSAO, shows blue-green emissions at 480 nm and 484 nm, respectively, due to the active radicals generated in the nanomaterial, which are responsible for the associated anticancer activities. Invitro anticancer assay and the ZTSAO hybrid nanomaterial\u27s toxicity effect were examined in cultured MDA-MB-237 breast cancer cells and L929 fibroblast cells. Conclusions: In summary, ZTSAO hybrid nanomaterial has been developed against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-237), and an IC50 concentration value of 10 μg/mL was recorded when evaluated after 24 h. Furthermore, the toxicity of ZTSAO hybrid nanomaterial treated cells indicates that the cells are alive with viability of ∼86.25 %, with results compared to the control group, showing that the ZTSAO hybrid nanomaterial exhibits minimum toxicity percentage. From this study, it is believed that ZTSAO hybrid nanomaterial is a highly promising nanomaterial, which will be suitable for advanced clinical applications. Acknowledgments: The KC and KVP received support from the Fondecyt Postdoctoral Project No: 3190029 and Centro de Investigación de Polímeros Avanzados (CIPA), ANID/CONICYT Regional and GORE BIO-BIO R17A10003, Chile

Sleep duration in school-age children with epilepsy: A cross-sectional study

Background: Normal sleep is required for the optimal growth and development of the children. Ineffective or inadequate sleep is common in children with epilepsy. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to study the sleep duration and describe the factors affecting it in school-aged children with epilepsy attending the seizure clinic of a pediatric tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: 6–12-year-old children with epilepsy, attending the seizure clinic formed the study subjects. They were assessed for inclusion in the study using INCLEN diagnostic tool for epilepsy (INDT-Epi) to achieve a sample size of 139. Informed written consent was obtained from parents. Background sociodemographic information, seizure type and treatment details, and duration of sleep of the child were collected from the parents. The proportion of children with epilepsy who had sleep problems were expressed as percentage. Results: The mean age of study population was 9.07±2.09 years. The average sleep duration of the study population was 9.41±1.41 h. The mean nap time of the study population was 68.51±33.88 min. No significant association was seen among the factors that determine sleep duration. Conclusion: Children with epilepsy tend to sleep for lesser hours when compared to historic controls of normal school-age children reported in literature

Prosthetics for Lower Limb Amputation

The Chapter will include a brief note on Amputation, Particularly Lower Limb Amputation (LLA), Levels and Causes of LLA. Importance of Prosthetics for LLA are explained in detail. The types of Prosthesis, Application (Donning & Doffing) of prosthesis are included in this chapter. Diagrammatic representation of the prosthesis are added too. Bio mechanical component is explained in detail within this chapter. The advantages and disadvantages of each and every Lower limb Prosthesis are clearly mentioned. Moreover, the Gait analysis & Training after the application of prosthesis are discussed. The reader will get a complete picture of Prosthetics for Lower limb Amputation by going through this chapter for lower limb prosthesis

Perspective Chapter: Podological Deformities and Its Management

The ankle and foot complex plays on important role in gait and weight bearing of the body weight. The deformity of the ankle and foot affects and alters the biomechanics of the body and normal gait pattern, and this consequently affects the other parts and joints of the lower limb and also trunk

Optimised spectral effects of programmable LED arrays (PLA)s on bioelectricity generation from algal-biophotovoltaic devices.

Funder: Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) Fund, Ministry of Education: Air ocean and land interaction; Grant(s): IOES-2014FThe biophotovoltaic cell (BPV) is deemed to be a potent green energy device as it demonstrates the generation of renewable energy from microalgae; however, inadequate electron generation from microalgae is a significant impediment for functional employment of these cells. The photosynthetic process is not only affected by the temperature, CO2 concentration and light intensity but also the spectrum of light. Thus, a detailed understanding of the influences of light spectrum is essential. Accordingly, we developed spectrally optimized light using programmable LED arrays (PLA)s to study the effect on algae growth and bioelectricity generation. Chlorella is a green microalga and contains chlorophyll-a (chl-a), which is the major light harvesting pigment that absorbs light in the blue and red spectrum. In this study, Chlorella is grown under a PLA which can optimally simulate the absorption spectrum of the pigments in Chlorella. This experiment investigated the growth, photosynthetic performance and bioelectricity generation of Chlorella when exposed to an optimally-tuned light spectrum. The algal BPV performed better under PLA with a peak power output of 0.581 mW m-2 for immobilized BPV device on day 8, which is an increase of 188% compared to operation under a conventional white LED light source. The photosynthetic performance, as measured using pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometry, showed that the optimized spectrum from the PLA gave an increase of 72% in the rETRmax value (190.5 μmol electrons m-2 s-1), compared with the conventional white light source. Highest algal biomass (1100 mg L-1) was achieved in the immobilized system on day eight, which translates to a carbon fixation of 550 mg carbon L-1. When artificial light is used for the BPV system, it should be optimized with the light spectrum and intensity best suited to the absorption capability of the pigments in the cells. Optimum artificial light source with algal BPV device can be integrated into a power management system for low power application (eg. environment sensor for indoor agriculture system)

Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Irrigation Water: A Case of Tank Irrigation Systems in South India

The economic value of tank irrigation water was determined through Contingency Valuation Method by analyzing farmers’ willingness to pay for irrigation water under improved water supply conditions during wet and dry seasons of paddy cultivation. Quadratic production function was also used to determine the value of irrigation water. The comparison of the economic value of water estimated using different methods strongly suggests that the present water use pattern will not lead to sustainable use of the resource in the tank command areas. Policy options for sustainable use of irrigation water and management of tanks in India were suggested

Halocin SH10 production by an extreme haloarchaeon Natrinema sp. BTSH10 isolated from salt pans of South India

Halobacteria, members of the domain Archaea that live under extremely halophilic conditions, are often considered as dependable source for deriving novel enzymes, novel genes, bioactive compounds and other industrially important molecules. Protein antibiotics have potential for application as preserving agents in food industry, leather industry and in control of infectious bacteria. Halocins are proteinaceous antibiotics synthesized and released into the environment by extreme halophiles, a universal characteristic of halophilic bacteria. Herein, we report the production of halocin (SH10) by an extremely halophilic archeon Natrinema sp. BTSH10 isolated from salt pan of Kanyakumari, Tamilnadu, India and optimization of medium for enhanced production of halocin. It was found that the optimal conditions for maximal halocin production were 42 C, pH 8.0, and 104 h of incubation at 200 rpm with 2% (V/V) inoculum concentration in Zobell’s medium containing 3 M NaCl, Galactose, beef extract, and calcium chloride as additional supplements. Results indicated scope for fermentation production of halocin for probable applications using halophilic archeon Natrinema sp. BTSH10Cochin University of Science and Technologysaudi journal of biological sciences(2013) 20,205-21

Functional Annotation of Hypothetical Proteins Derived from Suppressive Subtraction Hybridization (SSH) Analysis Shows NPR1 (Non-Pathogenesis Related)-Like Activity

Fusarium wilt is considered the most devastating banana disease incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC). The present study addresses suppressive subtraction hybridization (SSH) analysis for differential gene expression in banana plant, mediated through FOC and its interaction with biocontrol agent Trichoderma asperellum (prr2). SSH analysis yielded a total of 300 clones. The resultant clones were sequenced and processed to obtain 22 contigs and 87 singleton sequences. BLAST2GO (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool 2 Gene Ontology) analysis was performed to assign known protein function. Initial functional annotation showed that contig 21 possesses p38-like endoribonuclease activity and duality in subcellular localization. To gain insights into its additional roles and precise functions, a sequential docking protocol was done to affirm its role in the defense pathway. Atomic contact energies revealed binding affinities in the order of miRNA > phytoalexins > polyubiquitin, emphasizing their role in the Musa defense pathway. Contig 21 and polyubiquitin showed an atomic contact energy value of −479.60 kJ/mol, and even higher atomic contact energies were observed for miRNA (−804.86, −482.28, −494.75 kJ/mol), demonstrating its high RNA-binding properties. Phytoalexin contig 21-interacting interfacial residues were identified as rigid (10)/non-rigid (2) based on Bi, N values, and B-factor per residue. Hence, based on these results, contig 21 was characterized as a NPR1 (non-pathogenesis-related protein) homolog that is involved in plant defense and systemic induced resistance

Protective effect of Cassia fistula Linn. on diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular damage and oxidative stress in ethanol pretreated rats

Diethylnitrosamine (DEN), found in many commonly consumed foods, is widely reported to induce cancer in animals and humans. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of the leaf extract of the medicinal plant Cassia fistula Linn. against diethylnitrosamine induced liver injury in ethanol pretreated rats. Albino Wistar rats, pretreated with ethanol for 15 days, were administered a single dose of DEN. Thirty days after DEN administration, hepatotocellular damage was observed histologically, along with elevated levels of serum AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, γ-GT and bilirubin and a simultaneous fall in the levels of the marker enzymes in the liver tissue. Liver oxidative stress was confirmed by elevated levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and a decrease in enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants activities. Oral administration of the ethanolic leaf extract (ELE) of Cassia fistula for 30 days to ethanol + DEN treated rats significantly improved the above alterations in the markers of hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress, resulting in the reversal of most of the parameters studied and were comparable to the standard hepatoprotective drug silymarin