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Not AvailableAcaricide resistance is a major problem in sheep population that hinders the control of the ticks in Karnataka and worldwide. In view of the increasing reports of acaricidal resistance world wide a study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Amitraz, Deltamethrin and Cypermethrin using larval packet test (LPT) and adult immersion test with differentiating dose (AIT-DD) against different species of ticks. The tick species involved in this study were Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Haemaphysalis intermedia, Haemaphysalis kutchensis, Hyalomma marginatum issaci, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Rhiphicephalus haemaphysaloides and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. In LPT, amitraz at 0.2% induced 100 percent mortality against all species of ticks, whereas cypermethrin and deltamethrin induced 100 percent mortality at 0.3% and 0.4% against all species of ticks. In AIT-DD test amitraz was found to be susceptible at 2.5g/ltr whereas cypermethrin at 0.05g/ltr and deltamethrin at 0.075g/ltr was found to be resistant against all species of ticks in this study.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableInfectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), a contagious viral disease caused by Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). BoHV-1, belongs to the family Herpesviridae under newly carvedorder Herpesvirales. BoHV-1 is characterized by relatively large host range, short replication cycle and the ability to induce latent infection mainly, but not exclusively, in neurons. All BoHV-1 strains isolated hitherto belong to one single viral species, and are classified in three subtypes BoHV-1.1, BoHV-1.2a and BoHV-1.2b. Most BoHV-1.1 strains have been isolated from respiratory tract affections or abortion cases and BoHV-1.2 strains from genital organ lesions.IBR causes significant losses due to disease and trading restriction in the cattle industry (OIE, 2010). The first report of BoHV-1 in India was by Mehrotra and co-workers in 1976 and by the adaption of crossbreeding policy to augment the milk production resulted in the unhindered transmission of the virus, which has taken mammoth strides to spread to 31% of Indian cattle in 1996 to 42% in 2012 with an overall prevalence of 36% on cumulative study. Present paper summarises the current status of disease prevalence and relevant measures that should be adopted for control of the IBR with special reference to India.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe present study reports the epidemiological and virological investigations of the twelve different outbreaks of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in goats and sheep flocks with considerable morbidity and mortality recorded from different places of Karnataka state in India during 2014-2015. Clinical samples were collected from the affected flocks or villages for laboratory investigation along with epidemiological parameters. The PPR virus (PPRV) antigen and its genome were detected in the infected tissues or swab materials by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (s-ELISA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The significant epidemiological parameters recorded include young animals being severely affected than adult animals, which showed symptoms suggestive of PPR and changing pattern of disease in term of severity of gross lesions and clinical signs. The source of infection was traced back to introduction of new animals from other flocks or from other states. Despite regular vaccination of sheep and goats in the state, under National Control Programme on PPR (NCP-PPR), outbreaks need to be carefully monitored due mainly to production losses in small ruminants.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe present study was carried out to characterize classical swine fever virus (CSFV) isolated from field outbreaks in suburban places of bengaluru, India, using molecular techniques and subsequent genogrouping of the virus. Various tissue samples from CSFV affected pigs (12) were collected and subjected to either virus isolation in PK-15 cell line, or RNA extraction. PCR amplification was carried out targeting the 5' NTR gene. Subsequent agarose gel electrophoresis yielded specific amplicons of 421 bp obtained from pooled samples of 3 pigs. The PCR purified products were sequenced and subjected to BLAST analysis and subsequently submitted to GenBank. The obtained nucleotide sequences were aligned using MegAlign programme and further subjected to analysis using MEGA 4 programme. All 3 field isolates were found to be grouped into subgroup 2.2 of group 2.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableClassical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the causative agent of one of the most devastating porcine haemorrhagic viral diseases, classical swine fever (CSF). Two main strategies to control CSF outbreaks are systematic prophylactic vaccination with live attenuated vaccines and non-vaccination stamping out policy. But these strategies have many limitations. The vaccination with live attenuated CSF vaccines makes it extremely difficult to distinguish vaccinated from infected animals since CSFV replicates in the host, even at very low rates. Thus, there is a clear need for efficient and safer marker vaccines to facilitate the control of future CSF outbreaks. Marker vaccines allowing distinction between naturally infected from vaccinated swine could complement "stamping out" measures. Here, in this review we have presented the various approaches to candidate CSFV marker vaccines. These methods are also helpful for the development of new generation vaccines against various diseases. It can be expected that new potent marker vaccines against CSFV might be commercially available and used in systematic prophylactic vaccination or emergency vaccination in the coming years.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAim: This study was conducted for the isolation and molecular characterization of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) isolated from the nasal and vaginal swabs collected from naturally infected cattle showing clinical symptoms of the respiratory disease. Materials and Methods: Isolation of BoHV-1 virus performed on clinical samples collected from 65 cattle from five states of India. The BoHV-1 isolates were further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers specific for glycoprotein B (gB) genomic region. PCR amplification was performed using previously published gB gene-specific primer pairs. gB PCR amplicons obtained from all isolates were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was performed using software. Results: A total of 12 samples were found positive in cell culture isolation. 11 isolates showed the visible cytopathic effect on Madin-Darby bovine kidney after 72 h. Partial sequence analysis of gB gene of all isolates revealed 99.0-100% homology between them. All isolates showed 99.2-99.8% homology with Cooper stain. Conclusion: BoHV-1.1 is the predominant circulating subtype of BoHV in India, and all isolates have homology with Cooper stain.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThis study describes development of a TaqMan probe based real time PCR assay that can detect BoHV-1 of as low as 0.001 TCID50/0.1 ml in clinical samples, its comparative evaluation with indirect ELISA and virus isolation for detection of Bovine herpes virus-1 (BoHV-1) in semen and swab clinical samples. For this study, we collected samples from 212 animals (cattle and buffaloes) comprising 91 bulls and 121 females. Avidin-biotin ELISA employed on serum samples from 212 animals revealed 74 as seropositive for BoHV-1. On inoculation of semen/swabs on MDBK cell line, nine samples yielded cytopathic changes characteristic of herpes viruses. The isolates were confirmed by VNT and a conventional PCR. A real time PCR assay was standardised by designing a new set of TaqMan probe and primers targeting a 71 bp region on gB gene of the virus. The assay detected viral antigen in 21 seropositive and 14 seronegative animals, emphasizing the relevance of serology in BoHV-1 diagnosis, particularly in breeding stations. Further, real time PCR assay was 100 % sensitive and 87.19 % specific compared to virus isolation in detection of the BoHV-1 in clinical samples. The assay was validated at reputed national laboratories, with a sensitivity of ≥99 %.Not Availabl

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Not AvailablePresent paper describes the dynamics of bovine herpes virus-1(BoHV-1) in breeding cattle under different housing, feeding and watering practices. Organized breeding farms A, B, C, D were selected for this study. In farm A, the animals were housed in large open shed with common grazing and drinking area. Farm B had individual pens with separate feeding facility but with common watering/drinking facility. Farm C had had individual pens, with separate feeding and drinking facility for each animal. Farm D possessed modern individual housing system with separate feeding, drinking facility, restricted personnel entry and better bio-security set up. The blood and semen samples / vaginal swabs were collected from 177 animals. Avidin- biotin ELISA recorded BoHV-1 antibodies in 56, 38.77, 21.05 and 17.5% animals in farm A, B, C and D respectively. A TaqMan probe real time PCR targeting the BoHV-1 gB gene was standardised and this assay detected BoHV-1 in 11, 3 and 3 animals in Farm A, B and C respectively. None of the samples collected from Farm D were positive for BoHV-1 by real time PCR. The study recorded higher seroprevalence as well as virus transmission in farms that had housing systems allowing closer animal to animal contacts. In view of the different modes adopted by BoHV-1 in transmission through susceptible populations, the study recommends better bio-secured housing systems that avoid closer animal to animal contacts, for production of BoHV-1 free semen and calves at breeding stations.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe study describes genetic grouping and molecular epidemiology of bovine herpes virus-1 (BoHV-1) through cloning of partial glycoprotein B gene of BoHV-1 isolates, with special reference to isolates recovered from cattle breeding stations. Samples were collected from 212 animals (91 bulls and 121 female cattle). Avidin-biotin ELISA employed on serum samples found 74 animals as seropositive for BoHV-1. On inoculation of 212 semen/swab samples to MDBK cell line for virus isolation, samples of 4 seropositive and 5 seronegative animals yielded cytopathic changes characteristic of BoHV-1. Partial gB gene of these isolates were cloned in pGEM T vector, nucleotide sequences were deduced and phylogenetic tree was constructed. Sequence analysis grouped 5 of these isolates under BoHV-1.1 cluster having highest sequence identities with previously described Indian, European and Brazilian isolates of BoHV-1.1. The other 4 isolates were clustered as BoHV-1.2 subtypes having 100% sequence identity with European strain of BoHV- 1.2. We found that, apparently healthy, seronegative animals can be sources of BoHV-1, attributable to the unique pathogenesis/ latency of BoHV-1. This finding necessitates mandatory culling of breeding animals which are positive either in antigen detection or by serology, especially in countries which do not practice vaccination but report high seroprevalance of BoHV-1.Not Availabl