ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTICANCER POTENTIAL OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED USING GALLIC ACID IN BENTONITE/STARCH BIO-NANOCOMPOSITES

Objective: To optimize and synthesize eco-friendly and low-cost silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using gallic acid (GA) reducing agent in bentonite/starch bio-nanocomposites (BNCs) for oral use and to evaluate its antibacterial and anticancer efficacy.Methods: An artificial neural network (ANN) model was employed for the optimization and evaluate the effect of the formulation variables on the entrapment efficiency (EE) of AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs in BNCs were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Elemental ion analysis was carried out using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Drug release study was carried out. The antimicrobial efficacy determined by agar well diffusion method. In vitro anticancer efficacy of AgNPs in breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) by MTT assay was performed.Results: The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-vis absorbance peak shown at 412 nm. XRD spectrum has indicated the face-centered cubic structure of the synthesized AgNPs. SEM and DLS measurements showed spherical nanoparticles with a mean size of 68.06±0.2 nm. The negative surface zeta potential with-32±0.25 mV has indicated colloidal stability of nanoparticles. FTIR spectra confirmed no interaction observed between drug and excipients. AgNPs showed significant EE with 80±0.25%. The synthesized AgNPs in BNCs is a potential candidate for inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria and showed significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cancer cell line with IC50 of 160±0.014μg/ml.Conclusion: The present research confirms that the green synthesized AgNPs in BNCs can be a promising antibacterial and anticancer agent regarding stability, low cost and easy preparation

EFFECT OF VARYING CONCENTRATION OF HERBAL EXTRACT OF NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRISTIS LEAF ON SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND ITS EVALUATION

Objective: Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using N. arobor-tristis aqueous leaf extract with the aid of micro wave is being demonstrated here.Methods: UV-visible spectrophotometer, dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force (AFM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis was used to characterize AgNPs. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH assay and antibacterial potential was measured using the well diffusion assay.Results: AgNPs formation was completed after 120 sec of microwave exposure. The particles were crystalline and mostly spherical in shape. Antioxidant potential was proved through DPPH assay. AgNPs demonstrated significant antibacterial potential against both Gram negative (E. coli) and Gram positive (S. aureus).Conclusion: The results show that AgNPs have suitable antioxidant & antibacterial activity and thus have potential to be employed as a therapeutic and/or cosmetic agent.Â

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED SYNTHESIS OF AGNP USING AQUEOUS LEAVES EXTRACT OF VINCA ROSEA AND ITS THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION

Objective: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was attempted with the help of aqueous Vinca rosea leaf extract. The aim of the study was to combine the therapeutic activity of Vinca rosea and the deep tissue penetration capabilities of the silver nanoparticles.Methods: This study focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an aqueous extract of Vinca rosea leaves, its characterization, and evaluation of its antibacterial and anticancer activity by diffusion method and MTT assay using human lung carcinoma cell line A549 respectively. The nanoparticles were synthesised by exposing the reaction mixture containing silver nitrate and Vinca leaf aqueous extract to microwave radiation.Results: The characterization of synthesised nanoparticles was carried out by observing the peaks on scanning from 250 to 800 nm using UV spectroscopy, the end point for the complete formation of nanoparticles marked by a colour change to reddish brown. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) which evaluated particle size uniformity and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) which determines the particle size revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical in shape and measured an average of 50.75 nm. 170µg/ml of AgNPs of Vinca leaf aqueous extract should potent anti-bacterial activity tested by agar well diffusion method as well as the cytotoxic activity which was evaluated by MTT assay.Conclusion: The synthesised nanoparticles were found to be potentially cytotoxic against A549 cell line and also demonstrated anti-bacterial activity. The activity may be attributed to the fact that silver ions are known to impair macromolecules containing sulphur and phosphorus like protein and DNA owing to their small size and high penetration power.Â

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF FAMOTIDINE IN BULK AND TABLET DOSAGE FORM

  Objectives: The purpose of the study is to develop a simple, precise, economical, accurate, reproducible, and sensitive method for the estimation of famotidine (FAM) in bulk and its pharmaceutical dosage forms by ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectrophotometry.Methods: The method uses 0.1 N HCl, pH 1.20 as a solvent for the quantitative estimation of FAM in bulk and its tablets dosage form by UV absorption spectrophotometry.Results: FAM exhibited absorbance maxima at 266 nm in 0.1 N HCl, pH 1.20 solvent. The developed method was validated as per the ICH analytical method validation guidelines. Beer's law was obeyed in range of 0-30 μg/ml with r2=0.9998. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values of FAM were found to be 0.152 and 0.461 μg/ml, respectively. The mean percentage recovery for developed method was found to be in the range of 99.35-99.48%, respectively, for the marketed dosage forms. The developed method was also found to be robust and ensures bench-top stability.Conclusion: The developed method was found to be suitable for the routine quantitative analysis of FAM in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. It was also concluded that developed UV spectrophotometry method was accurate, precise, linear, reproducible, robust, and sensitive

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FAMOTIDINE MICRO BALLOONS WITH ENHANCED ANTI-ULCER ACTIVITY

Objective: The aim of the present study was to formulate and optimize famotidine loaded micro balloons for enhancing bioavailability, increasing gastric residence time of drug and to achieve sustained release in the stomach.Methods: Microballoons were prepared using emulsion solvent diffusion method using HPMC K4M as the polymer. All the formulated microspheres were subjected to various evaluation parameters such as % drug entrapment, micromeritics properties, % buoyancy and in vitro drug release studies. The formulation was optimized using 32 full factorial design. Optimized formulation was subjective to in vivo floating (X-ray) and in vivo antiulcer studies.Results: The microballoons were smooth and spherical in shape and were porous in nature due to hollow cavity. Sustained/controlled release of drug was observed for more than 12 h. based on the results of % drug entrapment, in vitro drug release and % buoyancy studies, formulation F6 was selected as optimized formulation. The release kinetics of optimized formulation followed Higuchi model and mechanism of release was non-Fickian diffusion. Examination of the X-ray radiographic images taken during the study indicated that the optimized formulation remained buoyant and uniformly distributed in the gastric contents for a long period. In ethanol-induced ulcer model, drug-loaded microballoons treated group showed significant ulcer protection index of 83.26% as compared to the marketed brand of famotidine 76. 09% and untreated control group.Conclusion: Famotidine-loaded floating micro balloons were successfully prepared and prove to be useful for the prolonged gastric residence of the drug, better bioavailability, patient compliance and anti-ulcer activity

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF LAFUTIDINE IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

Objective: The objectives of the present research was to develop a simple, precise, economical, accurate, reproducible and sensitive method for the quantitative estimation of lafutidine in bulk and its pharmaceutical dosage forms by Ultra Violet (UV) absorption spectrophotometry.Methods: The method uses 0.1 N HCl, pH 1.20 as a solvent of choice for the quantitative estimation of lafutidine in bulk and its tablets dosage form by UV absorption spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 290 nm. The method was validated for parameters like linearity, range, precision, Limit of Detection (LOD), Limit of Quantification (LOQ), accuracy, recovery and stability of the analyte.Results: Lafutidine exhibited absorbance maxima at 290 nm in 0.1 N HCl, pH 1.20 solvent. The developed method was validated as per the ICH validation guidelines. Beer's law was obeyed in range of 0-30 µg/ml with r2= 0.9997. The LOD and LOQ values of lafutidine were found to be 0.545 µg/ml and 1.654 µg/ml respectively. The mean % recovery for the developed method was found to be in the range of 99.25 to 99.45 % respectively for the marketed dosage forms. The developed method was also found to be robust.Conclusion: The developed method was found suitable for the routine quantitative analysis of lafutidinein bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. It was also concluded that developed UV spectrophotometry method was accurate, precise, linear, reproducible, robust and sensitive

Dodatak kroma u teladi azijskog vodenog bivola (Bubalus bubalis) pod stresom od hladnoće: učinci na prirast, hranidbenu iskoristivost te staničnu i humoralnu imunost

Various stressors significantly increase urinary excretion of chromium (Cr), suggesting that Cr may be physiologically linked to the responses to control stress. The aim of this study was to determine the physiological responses of buffalo calves to increased Cr supply under low ambient temperature. In a randomized complete block design, twenty-four Murrah buffalo calves were assigned to 4 treatments for a period of 120 days. Treatments included either no supplemental Cr (control), 0.5 mg of supplemental Cr/kg DM, 1.0 mg of supplemental Cr/kg DM, or 1.5 mg of supplemental Cr/kg DM. Buffalo calves were monitored daily for physiological variables, dry matter intake (DMI) and fortnightly for body mass change. Blood samples were collected at fortnightly intervals and analyzed for the biomarkers of immunity and plasma trace mineral concentration. At the end of the 120 day experimental period, a 7 day metabolic trial was conducted. The average temperature-humidity index (THI) and relative humidity (RH) during the study were 58.10 units and 52.0% respectively. Physiological variables, DMI and growth performance did not differ among all treatments. 1.5 mg Cr/kg DM increased B and T-cell proliferation, neutrophil phagocytic activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value, whereas plasma total immunoglobulin (TIg) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations were the highest in the 1.0 and 1.5 mg Cr/kg DM group. Nutrient digestibility, nitrogen (N) metabolism and trace mineral bioavailability did not differ between treatments, while the bioavailability of Cr showed a positive correlation with supplemental Cr level. The results suggest that in cold conditions, increased Cr supply can improve immune response without affecting physiological response, growth performance and nutrient utilization in buffalo calves.Različiti stresori značajno povećavaju izlučivanje kroma (Cr) mokraćom što naznačuje da Cr može biti fiziološki vezan s odgovorom za kontrolu stresa. Cilj je ovog rada bio odrediti fiziološke odgovore u bivolje teladi na povećani dodatak Cr u uvjetima niske temperature okoliša. Prema metodi slučajnog odabira skupina, 24 Murrah bivolska teleta bila su raspodijeljena u četiri skupine koje su bile različito tretirane u razdoblju od 120 dana. Životinjama jedne skupine dodavano je 0,5 mg Cr/kg suhe tvari, druge skupine 1,0 mg Cr/kg suhe tvari, a treće skupine 1,5 mg Cr/kg suhe tvari, dok kontrolnoj skupini Cr nije bio dodavan. U teladi su dnevno bile promatrane fiziološke varijable, uzimanje suhe tvari te svaka dva tjedna promjena tjelesne mase. Uzorci krvi bili su uzimani u razmacima od 14 dana i pretraženi na biomarkere imunosti i koncentraciju minerala u tragovima u plazmi. Na kraju pokusnog razdoblja od 120 dana proveden je sedmodnevni metabolički pokus. Prosječni indeks temperature i vlažnosti tijekom istraživanja iznosio je 58,10 jedinica dok je relativna vlažnost bila 52,0 %. Fiziološke varijable, uzimanje suhe tvari i prirast reducirajućeg željeza nisu se razlikovali među skupinama. Količina od 1,5 mg Cr/kg suhe tvari povećala je proliferaciju B- i T-limfocita, fagocitoznu aktivnost neutrofila i vrijednost antioksidacijske sposobnosti, dok su koncentracije ukupnih imunoglobulina plazme i imunoglobulina G (IgG) bile najveće u skupinama koje su dobivale 1,0 odnosno 1,5 mg Cr/kg suhe tvari. Nutritivna probavljivost, metabolizam dušika (N) i biološka raspoloživost minerala u tragovima nisu se razlikovali među skupinama. Biološka raspoloživost Cr bila je u korelaciji s razinom njegova dodatka. Rezultati upućuju na zaključak da povećani dodatak Cr u hladnoći može poboljšati imunosni odgovor bez utjecaja na fiziološki odgovor, prirast i hranidbenu iskoristivost u bivolje teladi

महिषासुर: मिथक व परंपराएं

इक्कसवीं सदी के दूसरे दशक में भारत में महिषासुर आंदोलन द्विज संस्कृति के लिए चुनौती बनकर उभरा। इसके माध्यम से आदिवासियों, पिछड़ों और दलितों के एक बड़े हिस्से ने अपनी सांस्कृतिक दावेदारी पेश की। लेकिन यह आंदोलन क्या है, इसकी जड़ें समाज में कहां तक फैली हैं, बहुजनों की सांस्कृतिक परंपरा में इसका क्या स्थान है, मौजूदा लोक-जीवन में महिषासुर की उपस्थिति किन-किन रूपों में है, इसके पुरातात्विक साक्ष्य क्या हैं? गीतों-कविताओं व नाटकों में महिषासुर किस रूप में याद किए जा रहे हैं और अकादमिक-बौद्धिक वर्ग को इस आंदोलन ने किस रूप में प्रभावित किया है, उनकी प्रतिक्रियाएं क्या हैं? आदि प्रश्नों पर विमर्श हमें एक ऐसी बौद्धिक यात्रा की ओर ले जाने में सक्षम हैं, जिससे हममें अधिकांश अभी तक अपरिचित रहे हैं। क्या महिषासुर दक्षिण एशिया के अनार्यों के पूर्वज थे, जो बाद में एक मिथकीय चरित्र बन कर बहुजन संस्कृति के प्रतीक पुरुष बन गए? क्या यह बहुत बाद की परिघटना है, जब माकण्डेय पुराण, दुर्गासप्तशती जैसे ग्रंथ रच कर, एक कपोल-कल्पित देवी के हाथों महिषासुर की हत्या की कहानी गढ़ी गई? इस आंदोलन की सैद्धांतिकी क्या है? प्रमोद रंजन द्वारा संपादित किताब “महिषासुर: मिथक व परंपराएं” में लेखकों ने उपरोक्त प्रश्नों पर विचार किया है तथा विलुप्ति के कगार पर खड़े असुर समुदाय का विस्तृत नृवंशशास्त्रीय अध्ययन भी प्रस्तुत किया है। इस पुस्तक में समकालीन भारतीय साहित्य में महिषासुर पर लिखी गई कविताओं व गीतों का प्रतिनिधि संकलन भी है तथा महिषासुर की बहुजन कथा पर आधारित एक नाटक भी प्रकाशित है। समाज-विज्ञान व सांस्कृतिक विमर्श के अध्येताओं, सामाजिक-राजनीतिक कार्यकर्ताओं, साहित्य प्रेमियों के लिए यह एक आवश्यक पुस्तक है