South Asian Integration Prospects and Lessons from East Asia

In the context of the low levels of regional cooperation among South Asian countries when compared with the successful results from cooperation in East Asia (consisting of South East and East Asian countries), the objective of this paper is first to assess the prospects of cooperation among South Asian economies and then to draw lessons from East Asian regional experiments for South Asian regionalism for the betterment of these prospects. The main argument of the paper is that South Asia should adopt a twin-track approach : better integration within itself and better integration with rest of the world particularly East Asia. Both tracks would complement and supplement each other ensuring a greater chance of success.South Asian integration prospects, Lessons from East Asian regionalism, Open regionalism, Asian development

Towards a Classification of Two-Character Rational Conformal Field Theories

We provide a simple and general construction of infinite families of consistent, modular-covariant pairs of characters satisfying the basic requirements to describe two-character RCFT. These correspond to solutions of generic second-order modular linear differential equations. To find these solutions, we first construct "quasi-characters" from the Kaneko-Zagier equation and subsequent works by Kaneko and collaborators, together with coset dual generalisations that we provide in this paper. We relate our construction to the Hecke images recently discussed by Harvey and Wu.Comment: 64 pages, typos corrected, proofs now provided for two claims that were previously conjectures, final version to appear in JHE

South Asian Integration Prospects and Lessons from East Asia

In the context of the low levels of regional cooperation among South Asian countries when compared with the successful results from cooperation in East Asia (consisting of South East and East Asian countries), the objective of this paper is first to assess the prospects of cooperation among South Asian economies and then to draw lessons from East Asian regional experiments for South Asian regionalism for the betterment of these prospects. The main argument of the paper is that South Asia should adopt a twin-track approach: better integration within itself and better integration with rest of the world particularly East Asia. Both tracks would complement and supplement each other ensuring a greater chance of success.South Asian integration prospects, Lessons from East Asian regionalism, Open regionalism, Asian development

Involving Private Healthcare Providers to Reduce Maternal Mortality in India: A Simulation Study to Understand Implications on Provider Incentives

Gujarat State has implemented the “Chiranjeevi Yojana” to improve access to institutional delivery with an objective to reduce maternal mortality and at the same time providing financial protection to poor families. The scheme involves private providers in provision of maternity services through contracting-out and use of voucher type of mechanism. Five districts covered by this scheme have population of about 10.5 million of which 43 per cent are below poverty line having about 110,000 deliveries per annum. The scheme during first year of its implementation has covered 31,641 deliveries. Of the total 217 providers in these districts 133 (61 per cent) have been empanelled in this scheme. This paper mainly examines two things, one, the revenue distribution a private provider would have experienced if the provider was not part of the Chiranjeevi Scheme and second, does the financial package provided in the scheme provides adequate incentives to the private provider to join the scheme. Further, given the number of providers empanelled in each district, does number of providers contracted-out in the scheme make any difference in revenue distribution of private provider? We use Monte Carlo simulation method to examine these issues. The simulation results suggest that the average revenue is Rs. 1416 per delivery. This is less than what the provider is being reimbursed by the government on capitation fee basis, which is Rs. 1445 (Rs. 1795 less Rs. 350 towards reimbursement for food, transport and Dai). By joining this scheme, the provider’s additional margin on an average is 2 per cent. This is over and above the profits included in the average revenue earned if the provider was not part of the scheme. The results further suggest that revenue distribution is scattered asymmetrically indicating significant risk in revenues to the provider. By joining in the Chiranjeevi Scheme, the provider is able to reduce the overall risk in revenue. In addition to this, the increased volume of services will spread the fixed cost of the provider and increase overall profitability further. Since the provider is paid up-front advance for delivering services under the scheme, there is no transaction cost of bureaucratic delays in payments. The provider in the absence of this scheme can maximise the revenue by doing more cesarean cases. The scheme has embedded incentive to minimise the cesarian cases to maximise the revenue and this produces larger indirect benefits from health systems point of view. The study identifies other issues that need further investigation.

Vasodilator and antihypertensive effects of l-serine

L-serine, a non-essential amino acid, plays a role in the biosynthesis of the amino acids, proteins, purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. It is important for the proper functioning of the nervous system. It has been considered in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, depression, chronic fatigue syndrome and psychomotor retardation, and of the seizures encountered in patients with rare inborn errors of L-serine biosynthesis. However, there are no reports in the literature of the direct cardiovascular effects of L-serine. Using normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats, Sprague-Dawley rats rendered hypertensive by chronic treatment with the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitior NG nitro L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the present study examined the in vitro and in vivo effects of L-serine. In vitro studies focused on L-serine induced changes in phenylephrine constricted third order branches of rat mesenteric arterioles while the in vivo studies examined the effects of intravenous infusion of L-serine on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in intact anaesthetized rats. L-serine (10 to 200 µmol/L) evoked concentration-dependent vasodilatation in phenylephrine constricted endothelium-intact, but not in endothelium-denuded, rat mesenteric arterioles. The vasodilator responses to L-serine were absent in the combined presence of apamin, a calcium activated small conductance potassium (SKCa) channel inhibitor, and TRAM-34, a calcium activated intermediate conductance potassium (IKCa) channel inhibitor, or ouabain, a sodium pump inhibitor and barium (Ba2+), an inward rectifying potassium (Kir) channel inhibitor, or when the vessels were depolarized by potassium chloride. The maximal vasodilatation response (Emax) to L-serine was higher in vessels from L-NAME treated rats (40%) than from control rats (20%). In anesthetized rats, L-serine evoked a rapid, reversible, dose-dependent fall in MAP (without a significant change in HR), which was more pronounced in L-NAME treated rats (> 60 mmHg) than in normotensive control rats (25 mmHg). The fall in MAP was inhibited (