NEW MODEL OF ATOM

In this research paper I have proposed a new model of the atom. Though it sounds, atomic physics is a closed research area since a century ago. But I have discovered some problems in the existing model of atom. In this model, I have proposed a static model of the atom, instead of the existing model which is based on matter waves. Here the electrons are not moving, or rotating, and so no s, p, d, f, sub shells for the atom, without which I have explained, the chemical and radiation nature of the atom

Addressing The Threat Of Multidrug Resistant Infectious Diseases By Synthesis Of Novel Aminoglycoside Antibiotics

The ever-growing increase in multidrug resistant infectious diseases is one of the major cause of human mortality, and there is an inherent need for the development of new antibiotics. Since the discovery of streptomycin, AGAs have been playing a very important role in human therapy as highly potent broad-spectrum antibiotics and are listed as one of the critically important antimicrobials by WHO. AGAs act by inhibiting the bacterial protein synthesis and by targeting the A-site present in the small subunit of bacterial ribosome. The clinical use of AGAs is somewhat restricted due to their toxic effects (ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity) and emergence of resistant bacterial strains. However, with the increase in resistance to current antibiotics and significant hurdles in discovering a new class of antibiotics, researchers started to revisit the AGAs, leading to much interest in development of novel AGAs. The goal of this thesis is to utilize the well understood mechanism of action and mechanisms of resistance for the development of novel AGAs. This research work is mainly focused on the modification of neomycin B and paromomycin. Chapter one introduces the problem of infectious diseases caused by bacteria, history of antibiotics and need for the development of new antibiotics. Then it discusses history of AGAs, their classification, mechanism of action, and toxic effects. It also discusses the common mechanisms of resistance adopted by bacteria and the recent strategies used to evade those resistance mechanisms. Chapter two discusses a series of modifications made to neomycin B and the influence of each modification on antibacterial activity and ribosomal selectivity. Fourteen different neomycin B derivatives were synthesized and their antiribosomal and antibacterial activities were determined. These derivatives include modifications at 2’-, 4’-, 6’-, and 6’’’ positions. Newly synthesized compounds were also screened against ESKAPE pathogens and engineered strains of E. Coli carrying specific resistance determinants in order to determine their susceptibility to modifications by common AMEs. Chapter three describes the modifications at 2’- and 5’’- positions in paromomycin and their influence on antiribosomal activity and selectivity. The 2’-position is susceptible to modification by AAC-(2’) and was mainly modified by alkylating the 2’-amino substituent. APH-(3’, 5’’) is one of the most important AME and has been known to modify most of the AGAs. There has been a lot of effort in the past to circumvent the action of this AME and it still remains a great challenge. This chapter also discusses the successful 5’’-formamido and 5’’-ureido modifications to paromomycin. These 5’’-modifications provide an effective alternative for 5’’-hydroxy substituent and are not susceptible to modification at this position by APH-(3’, 5’’). In Chapter four, an efficient and facile method for the synthesis of highly substituted pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivatives was described. Pyrimidine-2,4-diones are important nitrogen-based heterocycles and present in biologically active natural products and pharmaceuticals. This chapter discuss their synthesis form easily accessible and inexpensive maleic anhydrides and primary amines

A comparative study of depression among infertile and fertile women

Background: Infertility has been a major medical and social preoccupation since the dawn of human existence and women have always been the symbol of fertility. Infertility is a stressful life event and depressive symptoms are normal responses to the life crisis of the infertile women. Aim and objective of the study was to determine the severity of depression in infertile females as compared to control group and to correlate the duration of infertility to depression in infertile females.Methods: The Present study was carried out on 70 patients in both groups. After randomization, assessment of Sociodemographic details was done with the help of semi-structured performa and severity of depression by beck depression rating scale. The proposed study was conducted in phased manner observing ethics of voluntary participation and informed consent of the participants were taken.Results: Both the groups were comparable with respect to age, socioeconomic status, occupation, education, religion, family type and area. No significant differences found between both groups with respect to the sociodemographic profile (p-value >0.05). The mean age of infertile women was 28.72 year and fertile women 27.45 years. We found that maximum female was from a middle class in both groups, 48 (68.57%) in infertile and 50 (71.42%) in the fertile group.Conclusions: Depression was more in infertile women. Depression severity was positively correlated with age of women and duration of infertility. Low socioeconomic status, low educated and rural background was a risk factor for severity of depression for infertile women.

Uterine perforation with bowel prolapsing through vagina following an unsafe abortion

An unwanted pregnancy may lead to induced abortion that means willful termination of pregnancy before the period of viability. Most of the times when termination of pregnancy is done by skilled person in fully aseptic environment, complications are low. But severe complication including uterine perforation, bowel injury, sepsis and sometimes death is common when the procedure is carried out by unskilled personnel in unhealthy condition. This case representing the neglected scenario of our maternal health facilities in rural areas where many untrained care providers are still performing illegal and unsafe abortion without knowledge of its grave consequences

Quantum Image Representation Methods Using Qutrits

Quantum Image Processing (QIP) is a recent highlight in the Quantum Computing field. All previous methods for representing the images as quantum states were defined using qubits. One Quantum Image Representation (QIR) method using qutrits is present in the literature. Inspired by the qubit methods and the higher state-space available for qutrits, multiple QIR methods using qutrits are defined. First, the ternary quantum gates required for the representations are described and then the implementation details for five qutrit-based QIR methods are given. All the methods have been simulated in software, and example circuits are provided.Comment: 8 pages, 11 figures, 1 tabl

Exploring the synergistic potential of quantum annealing and gate model computing for portfolio optimization

Portfolio optimization is one of the most studied problems for demonstrating the near-term applications of quantum computing. However, large-scale problems cannot be solved on today's quantum hardware. In this work, we extend upon a study to use the best of both quantum annealing and gate-based quantum computing systems to enable solving large-scale optimization problems efficiently on the available hardware. The existing work uses a method called Large System Sampling Approximation (LSSA) that involves dividing the large problem into several smaller problems and then combining the multiple solutions to approximate the solution to the original problem. This paper introduces a novel technique to modify the sampling step of LSSA. We divide the portfolio optimization problem into sub-systems of smaller sizes by selecting a diverse set of assets that act as representatives of the entire market and capture the highest correlations among assets. We conduct tests on real-world stock data from the Indian stock market on up to 64 assets. Our experimentation shows that the hybrid approach performs at par with the traditional classical optimization methods with a good approximation ratio. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on a range of portfolio optimization problems of different sizes. We present the effects of different parameters on the proposed method and compare its performance with the earlier work. Our findings suggest that hybrid annealer-gate quantum computing can be a valuable tool for portfolio managers seeking to optimize their investment portfolios in the near future.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, 1 tabl