41 research outputs found

    Coral reefs of Wallis and Futuna : biological monitoring, health and future

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    Wallis and Futuna is a small tropical overseas French territory located in the South Pacific Ocean 450 km North from Fiji and 400 km North-East from Samoa. It is composed of three main islands : Uvea, Futuna and Alofi , and inhabited by around 15 000 people. A long-term coral reef monitoring program was implemented in 1999 on six outer slopes sites. Live coral coverages and genus diversity were sampled every 3 years. The initial results suggested a relative stability of these aspects with no signifi cant changes between 1999 (fi rst surveys) and 2005 (most recent surveys). A comparative study of the three sampled islands shows that highest coral coverages on Wallis’outer reefs are isolated (by a 1 km or more wide lagoon) from the inhabited land, and therefore are protected to an extent from natural and human perturbations. The lower coral coverage observed on Futuna and Alofi may be attributable to the proximity to higher frequency of human and natural terrestrial stresses due to the absence of a lagoon on these two islands. Anthropogenic activities inducing stresses such as sewage, land erosion, poisoning and blast fishing have been identified on the sampled islands. Relative to other Pacific island countries, Wallis and Futuna has a low density human population and a high GNP/inhabitant. Ongoing French and European monitoring, research and development programmes, provide Wallis and Futuna with a level of understanding with regard to the status of its coral reef resources. These factors should contribute signifi cantly to the implementation of effective management of reef resources in Wallis and FutunaWallis et Futuna est une petite communautĂ© d'outre-mer française situĂ©e dans l'ocĂ©an Pacifique Ă  450 km au nord de Fiji et 400 km au nord-est des Samoa. Son territoire se compose de trois Ăźles principales : Uvea, Futuna et Alofi oĂč vivent environ 15 000 habitants. Un programme de surveillance Ă  long terme des rĂ©cifs coralliens a Ă©tĂ© mis en place depuis 1999 sur six sites de pente externe oĂč les recouvrements en corail vivant et la richesse spĂ©cifique en genres coralliens sont Ă©chantillonnĂ©s tous les 3 ans. Les premiers rĂ©sultats montrent une relative stabilitĂ© des rĂ©cifs sans changements importants entre le dĂ©but du programme en 1999 et les derniers relevĂ©s rĂ©alisĂ©s en 2005. L'Ă©tude comparative des rĂ©sultats obtenus sur les trois Ăźles Ă©chantillonnĂ©es dans cette Ă©tude donne des rĂ©sultats contrastĂ©s. On note ainsi des valeurs plus importantes de recouvrement corallien Ă  Wallis, oĂč les pentes externes sont isolĂ©es des terres habitĂ©es par un lagon de 1 km ou plus de largeur, qu'Ă  Futuna et Alofi. Les valeurs de recouvrement relativement plus faibles observĂ©es Ă  Futuna et Alofi sont probablement dues Ă  l'absence de lagon sur ces Ăźles oĂč, de ce fait, les contacts avec les perturbations d'origine humaine sont plus directs et plus frĂ©quents. Plusieurs stress d'origine anthropique tels que rejets d'eaux usĂ©es, Ă©rosion terrestre, pĂȘche au poison ou Ă  la dynamite ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s sur les Ăźles prospectĂ©es. Cependant la faible densitĂ© de population, le PNB/habitant relativement haut et l'intĂ©gration dans des programmes de suivi, de recherche et de recherche-dĂ©veloppement français et europĂ©ens, donnent Ă  cette collectivitĂ© un potentiel avantageux dont elle devrait tirer parti pour la gestion future de ses rĂ©cifs

    Rapid Oceanic Response to Tropical Cyclone Oli (2010) over the South Pacific

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    International audienceThe effect of Tropical Cyclone Oli (2010) on the ocean is investigated using a variety of measurements. In situ temperature measurements on the cyclone track are available via the Centre de Recherches Insulaires et Observatoire de l'Environnement (CRIOBE) array of probes. This reflects an extreme fluctuation of the temperature some 18 h after the cyclone, lasting only 12 h and exceeding 38C in amplitude. This study interprets this extreme fluctuation in terms of enhanced mixing associated with the time-dependent inertial currents due to the cyclonic winds. The authors show, using Lagrangian simulations, that this rapid event is compatible with the severe length-scale shortening observed in Lagrangian simulations

    Les modifications de la ligne de rivage dans les ßles de la Société (Polynésie française) : un indicateur des pressions anthropiques en zone cÎtiÚre

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    Dans les Ăźles ocĂ©aniques tropicales, la ligne de rivage naturelle correspond Ă  une plage, Ă  une falaise, Ă  des galets ou rochers, Ă  des zones de vĂ©gĂ©tation basse ou haute. Le dĂ©veloppement Ă©conomique des Ăźles et la croissance dĂ©mographique de leurs populations ont pour consĂ©quence une artificialisation de cette ligne de rivage pour utilitĂ© publique ou par des riverains qui cherchent Ă  se protĂ©ger des actions de la mer, mais aussi Ă  Ă©tendre leur emprise sur le lagon. Plusieurs Ăźles de la SociĂ©tĂ© ont fait l’objet d’une Ă©tude quantifiĂ©e de leurs lignes de rivage afin de dĂ©terminer leurs degrĂ©s d’anthropisation. Dans plusieurs d’entre elles, cette artificialisation est voisine ou dĂ©passe 40 % du linĂ©aire cĂŽtier. Elle est un bon indicateur des pressions anthropiques en zone cĂŽtiĂšre. L’évolution de cette tendance a pu ĂȘtre montrĂ©e Ă  Moorea par des Ă©tudes menĂ©es Ă  quinze ans d’intervalle. Des actions sont entreprises et doivent ĂȘtre dĂ©veloppĂ©es pour mettre fin cette artificialisation aux consĂ©quences nĂ©fastes pour l’environnement.In tropical oceanic islands, coastlines are usually either sandy, rocky or have cliffs, - or may have low or high vegetation. Developing island states with increasing human populations are modifying coastlines to form artificial or modified structures for public utility or by lagoonside residents hoping to protect their property from the sea or to gain extra land on the margins of the lagoon. Several French Society Islands have been examined to establish the extent of this coastal modification. In most of them, human activities have altered 40% or more of the coastline, and the percentage of modification is a good indicator of the human pressure  on the shoreline. The evolution of coastal modification has been documented on Moorea island during two field studies separated by a fifteen year period. Specific activities need to be developed and deployed to stop coastal modifications that result in damage to the environment

    Photo tow: a new method for estimating coral reef status and changes at large spatial scale. A coral bleaching event case study

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    Refering to a coral bleaching event that took place in French Polynesia in 2002, and in order to document the health of the coral reef outer slope at a scale of several tens of kilometers of coastline, we developed a new method on the island of Moorea. This method consists of monitoring the reef at constant depth by towing, behind a boat, a scuba diver operating a photographic camera. This method enables precise and fast scanning of the reef at regular intervals along a great distance. In the case of the study presented here, geographical differences were found around the island: healthy coral cover was greater on the north coast, and bleaching intensity was greatest on the north-west coast.À l’occasion d’un phĂ©nomĂšne de blanchissement corallien survenu en 2002 en PolynĂ©sie française et afin de rĂ©aliser des relevĂ©s de l’état de santĂ© du rĂ©cif corallien Ă  l’échelle de plusieurs dizaines de kilomĂštres de linĂ©aire cĂŽtier sur les pentes externes de l’üle de Moorea, une mĂ©thode originale a Ă©tĂ© expĂ©rimentĂ©e. Elle consiste Ă  rĂ©aliser des relevĂ©s rĂ©guliers du rĂ©cif Ă  profondeur constante en tractant, avec un bateau, un plongeur porteur d’un dispositif photographique. Elle permet la rĂ©alisation de relevĂ©s Ă  la fois prĂ©cis, rapides et sur de longues distances. Dans le cas prĂ©sentĂ© ici, des diffĂ©rences gĂ©ographiques ont Ă©tĂ© mises en Ă©vidence autour de l’üle en ce qui concerne le recouvrement corallien, plus dense sur la cĂŽte nord, et l’intensitĂ© du blanchissement plus important sur la cĂŽte nord-ouest

    Restauration d’une zone corallienne dĂ©gradĂ©e et implantation d'un jardin corallien Ă  Bora Bora, PolynĂ©sie française

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    The restoration of coral reef habitats by coral transplantation is a hot topic in the news toda y due to the accelerating degradation of the coral reef ecosystem all over the world. There is much discussion about research programs for the transplantation of corals and about ac tuai field realizations and the motivation for coral reef restoration. But the implementation of such a project depends on a social request considering local or global cultural and economical situations . Projects are very costly and only applicable when important economical interests are involved such as the fight against erosion or tourism development. In the lagoon of Bora Bora in French Polynesia, a fringing zone, degraded by coral sand extractions, led to an erosion of the coast damaging local private property in a sec tor weil oriented toward tourism activities. The reconstruction of this degraded site (20,000 sq.m) required physically filling up holes, implementation of spurs, and putting into place artificial concrete structures to promote the natural colonization of corals and other reef organisms in order to reduce swell impacts. The creation of a coral reef garden was also part of the project with the transplantation of corals collected in the vicinity. Fifty groups of three different types of concrete blocks have been set out on the site and six others constitute the coral reef garden on which 311 coral colonies are transplanted. Two and a half years after this restoration, the project proved to be successful. The coral reef garden flourished; it showed much diversification and little mortality among the corals colonies, and the natural colonization on the concrete substrate was teeming with corals, seaurchins, mollusks, and fishes. But thirty months later, an exceptionally violent meteorological and oceanographical situation led to a catastrophic event which caused many transplanted coral as weil as natural colonies in the vicinity to be killed off. Lagoon waters temperatures were recorded as high as 34°C and of the 311 transplanted coral colonies only 119 survived, most of them bleached or partly dead. All colonies of the genus Acropora died, while those of the genus Psammocora survived. Methods for restoration and creation of coral reef gardens are highly controlled but they cannot always escape such catastrophic events such as the one in Bora Bora in December 2001. Physical restoration was successful but the biological transplantation of corals failed. Thus, when we consider how expansive a restoration project is, it is essential to conduct an historical inquiry on a potential coral transplantation site before implementing any projectLes problĂšmes de restauration de zones coralliennes, avec transplantations de coraux, sont Ă  l'ordre du jour compte tenu de la dĂ©gradation accĂ©lĂ©rĂ©e de cet Ă©cosystĂšme Ă  la surface de la planĂšte. Les motivations des recherches dans ce domaine et celles des projets de restauration sur le terrain sont Ă©voquĂ©es. Elles rĂ©pondent Ă  une demande sociale exprimĂ©e en fonction de considĂ©rations culturelles et Ă©conomiques. Les projets sont coĂ»teux et ne peuvent concerner que des cas trĂšs limitĂ©s avec des intĂ©rĂȘts Ă©conomiques importants (lutte contre l' Ă©rosion, dĂ©veloppement du tourisme). À Bora Bora, en PolynĂ©sie française, une zone lagonaire frangeante, dĂ©gradĂ©e par des extractions de sĂ©diment corallien, provoquait une Ă©rosion littorale. Son rĂ©-amĂ©nagement comporte une restauration physique des lieux (comblement des fosses, rĂ©alisation d'Ă©pis...) et la mise en place de structures artificielles pour permettre la colonisation naturelle de coraux et autres organismes, afin de jouer le rĂŽle de brise houle. Ce projet s'accompagne de la crĂ©ation d'un jardin corallien avec structures artificielles sur lesquelles sont fixĂ©s des transplants de coraux. Deux ans et demi aprĂšs la fin des travaux, le jardin corallien affiche une communautĂ© corallienne florissante et diversifiĂ©e avec trĂšs peu de mortalitĂ© des colonies transplantĂ©es, une croissance normale et la colonisation naturelle de coraux et d'autres organismes des rĂ©cifs coralliens (oursins, mollusques, poissons). Cependant, un Ă©vĂ©nement mĂ©tĂ©orologique et ocĂ©anographique exceptionnel, trente mois aprĂšs la crĂ©ation du jardin corallien, a entraĂźnĂ© une forte mortalitĂ© des coraux transplantĂ©s comme ceux naturellement en place dans le secteur. Si les techniques nĂ©cessaires Ă  la restauration de zones dĂ©gradĂ©es et Ă  la crĂ©ation de jardins coralliens sont totalement maĂźtrisĂ©es, ces rĂ©alisations n'Ă©chappent pas aux variations temporelles des conditions de milieu qui peuvent ĂȘtre catastrophiques. Dans un tel cas, comme Ă  Bora Bora en dĂ©cembre 2001, la restauration physique reste Ă  l'actif de l'opĂ©ration, mais l'Ă©chec de la restauration biologique est Ă  noter. Une Ă©tude historique, sur plusieurs dĂ©cennies, des zones sujettes Ă  des mortalitĂ©s exceptionnelles s'impose donc avant tout choix de sites pour la rĂ©alisation de jardins coralliens dont les coĂ»ts sont trĂšs Ă©levĂ©

    Monitoring of French Polynesia coral reefs and their recent development

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    French Polynesia, consisting of 118 islands in the centre of the Pacific Ocean, has more than 15000 km2 of reefs and lagoons managed by the local government. Tourism and pearl culture are the two main economic resources of the country. Polynesian coral reefs are extremely diverse and are among those for which we have thorough knowledge. The exploitation of local resources has been recorded for multiple decades and includes : coral materials, fishing, harvest and export of mother-of-pearl molluscs, pearl production, and ornamental fish. All over the country, many monitoring programmes have been launched to measure the health of reefs and the natural and anthropogenic perturbations that they suffer : hurricanes and seismic events, water quality, health of benthic and fish communities, pearl oyster pathology and radiobiology. These data, collected over the last few decades, allowed to defi ne the relative importance of natural and anthropogenic degradation on reefs and lagoons, and to explain the present status of reefs at different spatial scales. Devastating hurricanes are rare (1903-1906, 1982-1983 and occasionally at other times), but they may annihilate outer slope coral communities on some islands. Bleaching events with considerable coral mortality at different geographical scales occurred mainly in 1991, 1994 and 2003. Outbreaks of Acanthaster destroyed numerous reefs (lagoons and outer slopes) from 1978-1982 and a new demographic wave began in 2006 at many Society islands. Eutrophication events only occurred occasionally and only in some lagoons. Whereas natural catastrophic events degrade the coral reef ecosystem across many islands, at the archipelago or even regional scale, anthropogenic degradation is limited to a few Society Islands, occurring rarely on atolls and not at all on those (one third) which are uninhabited. The main causes of reef degradation in some areas of Tahiti and Moorea include the embankment of fringing zones, coral mining, overfishing, absence of urban sewage treatment and the development of leisure and tourism activities. Because of its large geographical extent, one may conclude that major reef degradation in French Polynesia is caused by catastrophic natural events. On the other hand, anthropogenic degradation is more localized. Unfortunately, the synergistic effects of these causes of degradation prevent reefs from recovering. Optimum coral cover on French Polynesian outer reef slopes is between 50-60 %. After a major destructive impact (hurricane, bleaching, Acanthaster) a reef is reduced to less than 10 % coral cover, however if no more major disturbance events occur a reef will recover in about 12 years. Most of the 15000 km2 of reefs and lagoons in French Polynesia are in good health, and along with their neighbouring reefs in East and Central Pacific they are considered as the least degraded reefs worldwide and at a low risk of becoming degraded in the few next decades. However, we are more and more anxious about the future of reefs in the world particularly because present simulations predict that major impacts of climate change would include : elevation of sea surface temperatures, increase in the strength of hurricanes and acidification of seawater which will affect the formation of coral structuresLa PolynĂ©sie française, 118 Ăźles au coeur du Pacifique, possĂšde une surface de plus de 15000 km2 de rĂ©cifs et lagons gĂ©rĂ©s par le gouvernement polynĂ©sien. Le tourisme et la perliculture reprĂ©sentent les deux ressources Ă©conomiques majeures du Pays. Les formations rĂ©cifales trĂšs diversifiĂ©es sont parmi les mieux connues. Plusieurs suivis d'exploitation des ressources sont opĂ©rationnels depuis des dĂ©cennies : granulats coralliens, pĂȘche pour l'alimentation, collecte et exportation de mollusques nacriers, production de perles, poissons d'ornement. À l'Ă©chelle du Pays de trĂšs nombreux programmes de surveillance de l'Ă©tat des rĂ©cifs et des perturbations qu'ils subissent, naturelles et anthropiques, ont Ă©tĂ© mis en place: perturbations cycloniques et sismiques, qualitĂ© des eaux, Ă©tat de santĂ© des peuplements benthiques et ichtyologiques, pathologie des nacres, radiobiologie. Toutes ces donnĂ©es recueillies au fil des dĂ©cennies ont permis d'Ă©tablir l'importance relative des dĂ©gradations naturelles et anthropiques sur les rĂ©cifs et lagons polynĂ©siens et d'expliquer leur Ă©tat de santĂ© actuel en considĂ©rant diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles spatiales. Les pĂ©riodes cycloniques dĂ©vastatrices pour les rĂ©cifs sont rares (1903-1906, 1982-1983 et Ă©pisodiquement) mais les cyclones ont parfois anĂ©anti les communautĂ©s coralliennes de pentes externes dans certaines Ăźles. Les blanchissements suivis de mortalitĂ©s importantes Ă  des Ă©chelles spatiales diverses, ont Ă©tĂ© surtout ceux de 1991, 1994 et 2003. Les explosions dĂ©mographiques d'Acanthaster ont dĂ©truit de nombreux rĂ©cifs (lagons et pentes externes) en 1978-1982 et une nouvelle pullulation s'amplifie depuis 2006 dans plusieurs Ăźles de la SociĂ©tĂ©. Les crises dystrophiques n'ont perturbĂ© qu'Ă©pisodiquement certains lagons. Si les Ă©vĂ©nements naturels prĂ©cĂ©dents dĂ©gradent les rĂ©cifs Ă  l'Ă©chelle de plusieurs Ăźles, d'archipel ou du Pays, les dĂ©gradations anthropiques sont limitĂ©es Ă  quelques Ăźles peuplĂ©es de la SociĂ©tĂ©, plus exceptionnellement dans les atolls et encore moins dans un tiers d'entre eux qui sont inhabitĂ©s. Les remblais en zone frangeante, les extractions de matĂ©riaux coralliens, la surpĂȘche, l'absence de rĂ©seaux d'assainissement des eaux usĂ©es urbaines et le dĂ©veloppement d'activitĂ©s de loisir et du tourisme sont les causes essentielles de la dĂ©gradation des communautĂ©s coralliennes du lagon dans certains secteurs de Tahiti et de Moorea. Ainsi apparaĂźt-il clairement que les dĂ©gradations majeures des rĂ©cifs en PolynĂ©sie sont occasionnĂ©es par des phĂ©nomĂšnes naturels compte tenu de leur Ă©tendue gĂ©ographique. En revanche les dĂ©gradations anthropiques sont gĂ©ographiquement plus localisĂ©es. Malheureusement la synergie des deux causes de dĂ©gradation ne facilite pas la rĂ©cupĂ©ration des rĂ©cifs. Il est Ă©tabli qu'une pente externe avec un recouvrement corallien de 50-60 % est Ă  son optimum. Une dĂ©gradation majeure (cyclone, blanchissement, Acanthaster) rĂ©duit ce recouvrement Ă  moins de 10 %. La communautĂ© met une douzaine d'annĂ©es pour revenir au recouvrement optimum si aucune autre perturbation importante ne survient. La trĂšs large majoritĂ© des 15000 km2 de rĂ©cifs et lagons de PolynĂ©sie française sont en bonne santĂ©. Avec leurs voisins du Pacifique Est et Central, ces formations coralliennes sont considĂ©rĂ©es comme les moins dĂ©gradĂ©es au monde et Ă  faible risque de dĂ©gradation dans les prochaines dĂ©cennies

    Acanthaster planci Outbreak: Decline in Coral Health, Coral Size Structure Modification and Consequences for Obligate Decapod Assemblages

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    Although benthic motile invertebrate communities encompass the vast majority of coral reef diversity, their response to habitat modification has been poorly studied. A variety of benthic species, particularly decapods, provide benefits to their coral host enabling them to cope with environmental stressors, and as a result benefit the overall diversity of coral-associated species. However, little is known about how invertebrate assemblages associated with corals will be affected by global perturbations, (either directly or indirectly via their coral host) or their consequences for ecosystem resilience. Analysis of a ten year dataset reveals that the greatest perturbation at Moorea over this time was an outbreak of the corallivorous sea star Acanthaster planci from 2006 to 2009 impacting habitat health, availability and size structure of Pocillopora spp. populations and highlights a positive relationship between coral head size and survival. We then present the results of a mensurative study in 2009 conducted at the end of the perturbation (A. planci outbreak) describing how coral-decapod communities change with percent coral mortality for a selected coral species, Pocillopora eydouxi. The loss of coral tissue as a consequence of A. planci consumption led to an increase in rarefied total species diversity, but caused drastic modifications in community composition driven by a shift from coral obligate to non-obligate decapod species. Our study highlights that larger corals left with live tissue in 2009, formed a restricted habitat where coral obligate decapods, including mutualists, could subsist. We conclude that the size structure of Pocillopora populations at the time of an A. planci outbreak may greatly condition the magnitude of coral mortality as well as the persistence of local populations of obligate decapods

    Les rĂ©cifs coralliens de Wallis et Futuna : suivi biologique, Ă©tat de santĂ© et perspectives d’avenir

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    Coral reefs of Wallis and Futuna : biological monitoring, health and future. – Wallis and Futuna is a small tropical overseas French territory located in the South Pacific Ocean 450 km North from Fiji and 400 km North-East from Samoa. It is composed of three main islands : Uvea, Futuna and Alofi, and inhabited by around 15 000 people. A long-term coral reef monitoring program was implemented in 1999 on six outer slopes sites. Live coral coverages and genus diversity were sampled every 3 years. The initial results suggested a relative stability of these aspects with no significant changes between 1999 (first surveys) and 2005 (most recent surveys). A comparative study of the three sampled islands shows that highest coral coverages on Wallis’outer reefs are isolated (by a 1 km or more wide lagoon) from the inhabited land, and therefore are protected to an extent from natural and human perturbations. The lower coral coverage observed on Futuna and Alofi may be attributable to the proximity to higher frequency of human and natural terrestrial stresses due to the absence of a lagoon on these two islands. Anthropogenic activities inducing stresses such as sewage, land erosion, poisoning and blast fishing have been identifi ed on the sampled islands. Relative to other Pacific island countries, Wallis and Futuna has a low density human population and a high GNP/inhabitant. Ongoing French and European monitoring, research and development programmes, provide Wallis and Futuna with a level of understanding with regard to the status of its coral reef resources. These factors should contribute signifi cantly to the implementation of effective management of reef resources in Wallis and Futuna.Wallis et Futuna est une petite communautĂ© d’outre-mer française situĂ©e dans l’ocĂ©an Pacifi que Ă  450 km au nord de Fiji et 400 km au nord-est des Samoa. Son territoire se compose de trois Ăźles principales : Uvea, Futuna et Alofi oĂč vivent environ 15 000 habitants. Un programme de surveillance Ă  long terme des rĂ©cifs coralliens a Ă©tĂ© mis en place depuis 1999 sur six sites de pente externe oĂč les recouvrements en corail vivant et la richesse spĂ©cifi que en genres coralliens sont Ă©chantillonnĂ©s tous les 3 ans. Les premiers rĂ©sultats montrent une relative stabilitĂ© des rĂ©cifs sans changements importants entre le dĂ©but du programme en 1999 et les derniers relevĂ©s rĂ©alisĂ©s en 2005. L’étude comparative des rĂ©sultats obtenus sur les trois Ăźles Ă©chantillonnĂ©es dans cette Ă©tude donne des rĂ©sultats contrastĂ©s. On note ainsi des valeurs plus importantes de recouvrement corallien Ă  Wallis, oĂč les pentes externes sont isolĂ©es des terres habitĂ©es par un lagon de 1 km ou plus de largeur, qu’à Futuna et Alofi. Les valeurs de recouvrement relativement plus faibles observĂ©es Ă  Futuna et Alofi sont probablement dues Ă  l’absence de lagon sur ces Ăźles oĂč, de ce fait, les contacts avec les perturbations d’origine humaine sont plus directs et plus frĂ©quents. Plusieurs stress d’origine anthropique tels que rejets d’eaux usĂ©es, Ă©rosion terrestre, pĂȘche au poison ou Ă  la dynamite ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s sur les Ăźles prospectĂ©es. Cependant la faible densitĂ© de population, le PNB/ habitant relativement haut et l’intĂ©gration dans des programmes de suivi, de recherche et de recherche-dĂ©veloppement français et europĂ©ens, donnent Ă  cette collectivitĂ© un potentiel avantageux dont elle devrait tirer parti pour la gestion future de ses rĂ©cifs.Chancerelle Yannick. Les rĂ©cifs coralliens de Wallis et Futuna : suivi biologique, Ă©tat de santĂ© et perspectives d’avenir. In: Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie), tome 63, n°1-2, 2008. Les rĂ©cifs coralliens de l’outre - mer français : suivi et Ă©tat des lieux / French overseas coral reefs: monitoring and status / Los arrecifes de coral del ultramar francĂ©s: seguimiento y estatuto. pp. 133-143

    The Photo Tow: a New Technique for Estimating Coral Reef Status on Large Spatial Scales

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