Effects of yeast and dried kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa [Korth] Havil.) supplementation on digestibility, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in goats

Objective The objective of the experiment was to study yeast supplementation (yeast, Y) and dried kratom leaves (DKTL) on the digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in goats. Methods Four of 7 to 8 months old male crossbred (50% Thai Native-Anglo Nubian) goats with average liveweight 20±0.13 kg were randomly assigned according to a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design to receive four diets ad libitum basis. The study investigated the effects of two levels of yeast (Y) supplementation (Y, 0 and 0.5g/kg dry matter [DM]) along with two levels of DKTL supplementation (DKTL, 0 and 4.44g/kg DM). The experimental groups were as follows: T1 = control group with 0Y+0DKTL, T2 = 0Y+4.44 DKTL, T3 = 0.5Y+0DKTL, and T4 = 0.5Y+4.44 DKTL. Results The results showed that there were no interactions between Y levels and DKTL levels with respect to total DM intake, but there were significant effects (p<0.05) by levels of Y; goats receiving 0.05 g/kg DM Y had higher than goats fed 0.0 g/kg DM on average (kg/d). A percentage of body weight (% BW) and grams per kilogram of metallic weight (g/kg w0.75) had no influence on yeast levels and DKTL, but there was a difference (p<0.05) by yeast level Y at 0.5 g/kg DM, being higher compared to the non-supplemented group. Apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrition in the form of (DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber) was an increased trend in the Y-level complementary group at 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL at 4.44 g/kg DM, respectively. Protozoa populations decreased in the group receiving Y levels at 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL levels at 4.44 g/kg DM when compared to group T1. The acetic acid concentration and methane gas generation decreased (p<0.05) in the group receiving Y levels of 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL levels of 4.44 g/kg DM, while the amount of propionic acid increased (p<0.05). Conclusion Effects of feeding combinations of Y and DKTL supplementation on feed showed no interaction effect (Y×DKTL) on feed intake, rumen fermentation, bacterial and fungi population. The effect on protozoal populations was lower in the group that was supplemented with DKTL at 4.44 g/kg DM related to synthetic CH4 was reduced

Blood Metabolites and Feed Utilization Efficiency in Thai-Native-Anglo-Nubian Goats Fed a Concentrate Diet Including Yeast Fermented Palm Kernel Cake Instead of Soybean Meal

Feed is the most expensive component in goat production. Hence, lowering it is crucial to increasing producer profitability. The microbial community in rumen is vital for nutritional digestion and absorption in ruminants. Live yeast and yeast-based products generated from the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae (commercial strain) are actively being used and investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of substituting soybean meal (SBM) in concentrate diets with yeast-fermented palm kernel cake protein (YFPKCP) on dry matter intake, digestibility, blood markers, and nitrogen balance. Five crossbred Thai Native-Anglo-Nubian goats (50% Thai Native goats with 50% Anglo-Nubian goats) weighing an average of 27 &plusmn; 2 kg were randomly allocated to one of five diets using a 5 &times; 5 Latin square design: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% YFPKCP replacement for SBM. Plicatulum hay (Paspalum plicatulum Michx.) was provided ad libitum. There were no significant differences in dry matter (DM) intake among treatments, but the apparent digestibility of DM, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were affected (p &lt; 0.05) by including YFPKCP in diets. They also tended to be slightly lower for goats fed the diet containing 100% YFPKCP replacement for SBM compared to other treatments. Ruminal pH, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), blood glucose, and packed cell volume were equivalent among treatments. On the other hand, replacement YFPKCP reduced digestibility and N absorption by up to 75% (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, there was no difference in total volatile fatty-acid concentration among goats fed YFPKCP as a substitute for SBM. According to the results of this study, the level of YFPKCP in the concentrate replacement of SBM for goats fed plicatulum hay should be 75%

Effects of Sulfur Levels in Fermented Total Mixed Ration Containing Fresh Cassava Root on Feed Utilization, Rumen Characteristics, Microbial Protein Synthesis, and Blood Metabolites in Thai Native Beef Cattle

The influence of sulfur included in fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) containing fresh cassava root on rumen characteristics, microbial protein synthesis, and blood metabolites in cattle was evaluated. Four Thai native beef cattle were randomly assigned according to a 2 &times; 2 factorial in a 4 &times; 4 Latin square design, and dietary treatments were as follows: factor A included a level of sulfur at 1% and 2% in total mixed ration, and factor B featured ensiling times at zero and 7 days. Digestibility of dry matter was increased when FTMR was supplemented with 2% sulfur. Blood thiocyanate increased by 69.5% when ensiling time was 7 days compared to no ensiling (p &lt; 0.01). Bacterial populations were significantly different in the FTMR containing sulfur at 2% and 7 days of ensiling. Furthermore, microbial crude protein and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were higher in the FTMR containing 2% sulfur and 7 days of ensiling (p &lt; 0.01). Thus, high levels of hydrocyanic acid from fresh cassava root could be detoxified by a sulfur addition with an ensiling process to become nontoxic to cattle

Extraction, Characterization, and Chitosan Microencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds from Cannabis sativa L., Cannabis indica L., and Mitragyna speiosa K.

The objective of the research was to investigate the bioactive compounds of herbal plant leaves by microencapsulation technique for future application as a feed additive. In this experiment, three herbal plant leaves, namely Cannabis sativa L., Cannabis indica L., and Mitragyna speiosa K., were comparatively investigated using different methods to extract their bioactive compounds. Two methods were used to extract the bioactive compounds: microwave extraction (water-heating transferred) and maceration extraction (methanol extracted). The results obtained using microwave extraction revealed that the total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity were significantly higher and stronger, respectively, than those produced by the maceration extraction method (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the spray-drying technique was employed to enhance the extracted compounds by encapsulation with chitosan through ionic gelation properties. The physical characteristics of chitosan-encapsulated substrates were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and were as microparticle size (1.45 to 11.0 &micro;m). The encapsulation efficiency of the bioactive compounds was found to be 99.7, 82.3, and 54.6% for microencapsulated M. speiosa, C. indica, and C. sativa, respectively. Therefore, microwave treatment prior to chitosan encapsulation of leaf extracts resulted in increased recovery of bioactive compound encroachment

Effect of Rhodanese Enzyme Addition on Rumen Fermentation, Cyanide Concentration, and Feed Utilization in Beef Cattle Receiving Various Levels of Fresh Cassava Root

Fresh cassava root is not recommended for animal feeding due to high quantities of hydrocyanic acid (HCN), which produces symptoms of poisoning. The purpose of this study was to find out how a rhodanese enzyme addition affects rumen fermentation, HCN content, feed utilization, and blood metabolites in beef calves fed fresh cassava root. Four Thai native beef cattle with an initial body weight (BW) of 95 &plusmn; 10.0 kg (1&ndash;1.5 years old) were randomly allocated to receive fresh cassava root containing HCN at 0, 300, 450, and 600 ppm according to a 4 &times; 4 Latin square design. Rice straw was the basal diet. The rhodanese enzyme was combined with concentrated feeds at a concentration of 1 mg/104 ppm HCN. The fresh cassava root was cleaned to remove dirt and chopped into 3 to 5 mm sized pieces before being fed to the animals at their various levels. The total feed intake of beef cattle increased when fed with fresh cassava root (p &lt; 0.05). The digestibility of crude protein (CP) was different among various fresh cassava root levels (p &lt; 0.05). Ruminal ammonia-N levels were measured 4 hours after feeding, and the average concentration declined considerably in animals fed fresh cassava root at 300&ndash;600 ppm HCN (p &lt; 0.05). Cyanide concentration in the rumen was linearly increased by 270.6% (p &lt; 0.05) when it was supplemented with a high level of fresh cassava root. Blood urea-N concentration was altered and decreased when supplemented with fresh cassava root (p &lt; 0.01). The blood thiocyanate concentration was altered by the levels of fresh cassava root and rhodanese enzyme, which ranged from 4.1 to 27.9 mg/dL (p &lt; 0.01). Cattle given fresh cassava root showed no influence on total volatile fatty acid, acetic acid, or butyric acid concentrations in the rumen (p &gt; 0.05). However, the concentration of propionic acid increased slightly (p &lt; 0.05) 4 hours after feeding. Supplementing fresh cassava root up to 600 ppm HCN/day improved N absorption, retention, and the proportion of N retention to N intake (p &lt; 0.05). Therefore, increasing the inclusion of fresh cassava root with a rhodanese enzyme addition improves total feed intake, CP digestibility, nitrogen utilization, blood thiocyanate, and propionate concentrations, which may remove HCN without harming animal health

Improvement of the Nutritional Quality of <i>Psophocarpus tetragonolobus</i> Tubers by Fermentation with Ruminal Crabtree-Negative Yeasts on the In Vitro Digestibility and Fermentation in Rumen Fluid

The purpose of this study was to determine how ruminal Crabtree-negative yeast affects the nutritional characteristics of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) tubers (WBT), in vitro gas and digestibility, and rumen fermentation. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete design with a 5 × 2 (+1) factorial arrangement. Factor A determined the WBT products (a1 = dry WBT, a2 = fermented WBT without yeast in media solution, a3 = fermented WBT with Pichia kudriavzevii KKU20, a4 = fermented WBT with Candida tropicalis KKU20, and a5 = fermented WBT with Saccharomyces cerevisiae), whereas factor B determined the level of fermented WBT replacing cassava chips (b1 = WBT at 50% and b2 = 100% levels). The results of the experiment showed that the fermentation approach could increase the crude protein (CP) content of WBT by around 7% (p p P. kudriazevii KKU20 yeast strain had a 17.3% higher final asymptotic gas volume (Vf) than the C. tropicalis KKU20. Crabtree-negative yeast had a higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) than Crabtree-positive yeast after 12 h of incubation (p p C. tropicalis KKU20 enhanced propionic acid (C3) concentrations when cassava chips were replaced for half of all of the diet (C3 ranged from 26.0 to 26.4 mol/100 mol; p p < 0.01). According to our findings, nutritional enrichment with yeast might increase the in vitro gas production and digestibility of WBT. The study also demonstrated that Crabtree-negative yeast has a promising lead in terms of improving rumen fermentation quality. However, further research is required before deciding on an effective approach for optimizing the potential of WBT as a feed source

Tropical Plant Phytonutrient Improves the Use of Insect Protein for Ruminant Feed

This work aimed to examine the effects of binding proteins from Gryllus bimaculatus with Sesbania grandiflora phytonutrient on gas dynamics, in vitro digestibility, and ruminal fermentation characteristics. For rumen fluid sources, two dairy bulls with permanent cannulas were used as donors. G. bimaculatus and S. grandiflora powder were combined in the following ratios: 100:0, 99:1, 98:2, 97:3, 96:4, 95:5, 94:6, and 93:7. As 7% of S. grandiflora and 3% of G. bimaculatus were combined, the rumen undegradable protein increased by 45.8% when compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.05). All gas kinetics were not substantially different across treatments, except for cumulative gas output during 96 h of incubation (p &lt; 0.05). Comparing the G. bimaculatus powder to S. grandiflora at a ratio of 95:5 to 93:7 revealed an increase in cumulative gas production (p &lt; 0.05), compared to the other groups. Reduction of G. bimaculatus resulted in a linear increase of in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) at 24 h after incubation. The lowest level of G. bimaculatus&mdash;93% with 7% S. grandiflora&mdash;showed the greatest IVDMD and IVOMD (p &lt; 0.05) when compared with the control group. Ruminal pH in all treatments remained constant after 4 and 8 h of in vitro incubation (p &gt; 0.05). However, as the quantity of S. grandiflora in the sample increased, the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) linearly decreased (p &lt; 0.05). Compared to the control group, the NH3-N concentration at 4 h of incubation was decreased by 47% when 7% S. grandiflora and 93% G. bimaculatus were mixed. The alteration in the G. bimaculatus to S. grandiflora ratio did not affect the levels of acetic acid or butyric acid. However, when 93% of G. bimaculatus was combined with 7% of S. grandiflora at hour 4 of incubation, propionic acid concentration was moderately increased (p &lt; 0.01) by 6.58 mmol/L. In conclusion, combining 93% G. bimaculatus with 7% S. grandiflora powder enhanced protein utilization, in vitro digestibility, propionate concentration, and cumulative gas production

Tropical Plant Phytonutrient Improves the Use of Insect Protein for Ruminant Feed

This work aimed to examine the effects of binding proteins from Gryllus bimaculatus with Sesbania grandiflora phytonutrient on gas dynamics, in vitro digestibility, and ruminal fermentation characteristics. For rumen fluid sources, two dairy bulls with permanent cannulas were used as donors. G. bimaculatus and S. grandiflora powder were combined in the following ratios: 100:0, 99:1, 98:2, 97:3, 96:4, 95:5, 94:6, and 93:7. As 7% of S. grandiflora and 3% of G. bimaculatus were combined, the rumen undegradable protein increased by 45.8% when compared to the control group (p p G. bimaculatus powder to S. grandiflora at a ratio of 95:5 to 93:7 revealed an increase in cumulative gas production (p G. bimaculatus resulted in a linear increase of in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) at 24 h after incubation. The lowest level of G. bimaculatus—93% with 7% S. grandiflora—showed the greatest IVDMD and IVOMD (p p > 0.05). However, as the quantity of S. grandiflora in the sample increased, the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) linearly decreased (p 3-N concentration at 4 h of incubation was decreased by 47% when 7% S. grandiflora and 93% G. bimaculatus were mixed. The alteration in the G. bimaculatus to S. grandiflora ratio did not affect the levels of acetic acid or butyric acid. However, when 93% of G. bimaculatus was combined with 7% of S. grandiflora at hour 4 of incubation, propionic acid concentration was moderately increased (p G. bimaculatus with 7% S. grandiflora powder enhanced protein utilization, in vitro digestibility, propionate concentration, and cumulative gas production