Внутренний и внешний рынки труда: особенности и взаимоотношения

У статті розглянуто основні характеристики внутрішнього та зовнішнього ринків праці. Зазначено основні переваги та недоліки внутрішнього та зовнішнього ринків праці. Наведено особливості взаємодії внутрішнього та зовнішнього ринків праці. Визначено основні показники аналізу внутрішнього та зовнішнього ринків праці.The aim of this article is to explore the characteristics of internal and external labour market and to describe the features of their interaction. The terms “internal labour market” and “external labour market” are defined. The structures of such types of the labour market are pointed out. The internal and the external labour markets are compared. Advantages and disadvantages of the internal and the external labour markets are highlighted. The real place for realization of social and labour relations is enterprises — internal labour market — where there is a direct contact between the employer and employees. In the internal labour market the demand for workforce is created, the movement of workforce occurs and the working potential of employees is used and developed. The internal labour market does not exist in isolation, but it is closely linked with the external labour market. Such interaction is represented by the movement of workers between the internal and the external labour markets as well as the formation of the image and reputation of the company. The development of the internal labour market, together with great interaction with the external labour market, makes formation of a positive employer brand as well as increases employees’ satisfaction with their work.В статье рассмотрены основные характеристики внутреннего и внешнего рынков труда. Указаны основные преимущества и недостатки внутреннего и внешнего рынков труда. Приведены особенности взаимодействия внутреннего и внешнего рынков труда. Определены основные показатели анализа внутреннего и внешнего рынков труда

Intergenic Transcription, Cell-Cycle and the Developmentally Regulated Epigenetic Profile of the Human Beta-Globin Locus

Several lines of evidence have established strong links between transcriptional activity and specific post-translation modifications of histones. Here we show using RNA FISH that in erythroid cells, intergenic transcription in the human β-globin locus occurs over a region of greater than 250 kb including several genes in the nearby olfactory receptor gene cluster. This entire region is transcribed during S phase of the cell cycle. However, within this region there are ∼20 kb sub-domains of high intergenic transcription that occurs outside of S phase. These sub-domains are developmentally regulated and enriched with high levels of active modifications primarily to histone H3. The sub-domains correspond to the β-globin locus control region, which is active at all developmental stages in erythroid cells, and the region flanking the developmentally regulated, active globin genes. These results correlate high levels of non-S phase intergenic transcription with domain-wide active histone modifications to histone H3

Induction of endogenous γ-globin gene expression with decoy oligonucleotide targeting Oct-1 transcription factor consensus sequence

Human β-globin disorders are relatively common genetic diseases cause by mutations in the β-globin gene. Increasing the expression of the γ-globin gene has great benefits in reducing complications associated with these diseases. The Oct-1 transcription factor is involved in the transcriptional regulation of the γ-globin gene. The human γ-globin genes (both Aγ and Gγ-globin genes) carry three Oct-1 transcription factor consensus sequences within their promoter regions. We have studied the possibility of inducing γ-globin gene expression using decoy oligonucleotides that target the Oct-1 transcription factor consensus sequence. A double-stranded 22 bp decoy oligonucleotide containing the Oct-1 consensus sequence was synthesized. The results obtained from our in vitro binding assay revealed a strong competitive binding of the decoy oligonucleotide for the Oct-1 transcription factor. When K562 human erythroleukemia cells were treated with the Oct-1 decoy oligonucleotide, significant increases in the level of the γ-globin mRNA were observed. The results of our western blots further demonstrated significant increases of the fetal hemoglobin (HbF, α2γ2) in the Oct-1 decoy oligonucleotide-treated K562 cells. The results of our immunoprecipitation (IP) studies revealed that the treatment of K562 cells with the Oct-1 decoy oligonucleotide significantly reduced the level of the endogenous γ-globin gene promoter region DNA co-precipitated with the Oct-1 transcription factor. These results suggest that the decoy oligonucleotide designed for the Oct-1 transcription factor consensus sequence could induce expression of the endogenous γ-globin gene through competitive binding of the Oct-1 transcription factor, resulting in activation of the γ-globin genes. Therefore, disrupting the bindings of the Oct-1 transcriptional factors with the decoy oligonucleotide provides a novel approach for inducing expression of the γ-globin genes. It also provides an innovative strategy for the treatment of many disease conditions, including sickle cell anemia and β-thalassemia

Early In Vitro Differentiation of Mouse Definitive Endoderm Is Not Correlated with Progressive Maturation of Nuclear DNA Methylation Patterns

The genome organization in pluripotent cells undergoing the first steps of differentiation is highly relevant to the reprogramming process in differentiation. Considering this fact, chromatin texture patterns that identify cells at the very early stage of lineage commitment could serve as valuable tools in the selection of optimal cell phenotypes for regenerative medicine applications. Here we report on the first-time use of high-resolution three-dimensional fluorescence imaging and comprehensive topological cell-by-cell analyses with a novel image-cytometrical approach towards the identification of in situ global nuclear DNA methylation patterns in early endodermal differentiation of mouse ES cells (up to day 6), and the correlations of these patterns with a set of putative markers for pluripotency and endodermal commitment, and the epithelial and mesenchymal character of cells. Utilizing this in vitro cell system as a model for assessing the relationship between differentiation and nuclear DNA methylation patterns, we found that differentiating cell populations display an increasing number of cells with a gain in DNA methylation load: first within their euchromatin, then extending into heterochromatic areas of the nucleus, which also results in significant changes of methylcytosine/global DNA codistribution patterns. We were also able to co-visualize and quantify the concomitant stochastic marker expression on a per-cell basis, for which we did not measure any correlation to methylcytosine loads or distribution patterns. We observe that the progression of global DNA methylation is not correlated with the standard transcription factors associated with endodermal development. Further studies are needed to determine whether the progression of global methylation could represent a useful signature of cellular differentiation. This concept of tracking epigenetic progression may prove useful in the selection of cell phenotypes for future regenerative medicine applications

Fine Tuning of Globin Gene Expression by DNA Methylation

Expression patterns in the globin gene cluster are subject to developmental regulation in vivo. While the γ(A) and γ(G) genes are expressed in fetal liver, both are silenced in adult erythrocytes. In order to decipher the role of DNA methylation in this process, we generated a YAC transgenic mouse system that allowed us to control γ(A) methylation during development. DNA methylation causes a 20-fold repression of γ(A) both in non-erythroid and adult erythroid cells. In erythroid cells this modification works as a dominant mechanism to repress γ gene expression, probably through changes in histone acetylation that prevent the binding of erythroid transcription factors to the promoter. These studies demonstrate that DNA methylation serves as an elegant in vivo fine-tuning device for selecting appropriate genes in the globin locus. In addition, our findings provide a mechanism for understanding the high levels of γ-globin transcription seen in patients with Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin, and help explain why 5azaC and butyrate compounds stimulate γ-globin expression in patients with β-hemoglobinopathies

Transcription and Chromatin Organization of a Housekeeping Gene Cluster Containing an Integrated β-Globin Locus Control Region

The activity of locus control regions (LCR) has been correlated with chromatin decondensation, spreading of active chromatin marks, locus repositioning away from its chromosome territory (CT), increased association with transcription factories, and long-range interactions via chromatin looping. To investigate the relative importance of these events in the regulation of gene expression, we targeted the human β-globin LCR in two opposite orientations to a gene-dense region in the mouse genome containing mostly housekeeping genes. We found that each oppositely oriented LCR influenced gene expression on both sides of the integration site and over a maximum distance of 150 kilobases. A subset of genes was transcriptionally enhanced, some of which in an LCR orientation-dependent manner. The locus resides mostly at the edge of its CT and integration of the LCR in either orientation caused a more frequent positioning of the locus away from its CT. Locus association with transcription factories increased moderately, both for loci at the edge and outside of the CT. These results show that nuclear repositioning is not sufficient to increase transcription of any given gene in this region. We identified long-range interactions between the LCR and two upregulated genes and propose that LCR-gene contacts via chromatin looping determine which genes are transcriptionally enhanced

Chemically amplified photoresist for high resolution autoradiography in targeted radiotherapy.

Evaluation of the intracellular distribution of radionuclides used for targeted radiotherapy (tRT) is essential for accurate dosimetry. Therefore, a direct and quantitative method for subcellular micro-autoradiography using radiation sensitive polymers (PMMA, UV1116 and AZ40XT) was developed. The electron exposure dose in radio-labelled cells due to Auger and internal conversion (IC) electron emissions of indium (¹¹¹In), a radionuclide currently used for tRT, was calculated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. Electron beam lithography using pre-defined exposure doses was used to calibrate the resist response. The topography of the exposed and developed resists was analysed with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the resulting pattern depth was related to a specific exposure dose. UV1116 exhibited the best contrast as compared to AZ40XT and PMMA, while AZ40XT exhibited the highest sensitivity at low doses (<10 μC/cm²). AFM analysis of the exposure pattern from radio-labelled cells and nuclei in UV1116 revealed a non-uniform distribution of ¹¹¹In-EGF in the cell and nucleus, consistent with less well-resolved data from confocal microscopy and micro-autoradiography

MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer — Our Initial Results

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small [~21 nucleotide (nt)] non coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. About 3.0% of human genes encode for miRNAs, and up to 30.0% of human protein coding genes may be regulated by miRNAs. Currently, more than 2000 unique human mature microRNAs are known. MicroRNAs play a key role in diverse biological processes including development, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. These processes are commonly dysregulated in cancer, implicating miRNAs in carcinogenesis, where they act as tumor supressors or oncogenes. Several miRNAs are associated with breast cancer. Here we present our initial results of miRNA analyses of breast cancer tissues using quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (ReTi-PCR) (qPCR) involving stem-loop reverse transcriptase (RT) primers combined with TaqMan® PCR and miRNA microarray analysi

Low-Field Magnetoresistance in Manganite Thin Films

Grain boundaries play an important role in low-field magnetoresistance of La$\text{}_{0.7}$Ca$\text{}_{0.3}$MnO$\text{}_{3}$ and La$\text{}_{0.7}$Sr$\text{}_{0.3}$MnO$\text{}_{3}$ thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering and pulsed laser deposition on YSZ(100) and silicon substrates buffered by YSZ. Well-pronounced low-field magnetoresistance hysteresis was observed in magnetic fields applied in in-plane and out-of-plane directions. High values of local magnetoresistance sensitivity d(MR)/dH in the vicinity of the coercive field were obtained reaching up to 0.2%/Oe for La$\text{}_{0.7}$Ca$\text{}_{0.3}$MnO$\text{}_{3}$ samples at 5 K.zapi