Study of NOx Emissions of S.I. Engine Fueled with Different Kinds of Hydrocarbon Fuels and Hydrogen

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), Natural gas (NG) and hydrogen were used to operate spark ignition internal combustion engine Ricardo E6, to compare NOx emissions emitted from the engine, with that emitted from engine fueled with gasoline as a fuel.<br />The study was done when engine operated at HUCR for gasoline, compared with its operation at HUCR for each fuel. Compression ratio, equivalence ratio and spark timing were studied at constant speed 25rps.<br />The results appeared that NOx concentrations will be at maximum value in the lean side near the stoichiometric ratio, and reduced with moving away from this ratio for mixture at both sides, these concentrations were at its highest value when hydrogen used at CR=8:1, and got near to each other for the three hydrocarbon fuels used in the study, when the engine operated at HUCR for each fuel, but still hydrogen had maximum value, the main variable affect these concentrations was spark timing<br /

Effect of Fuel Cetane Number on Multi-Cylinders Direct Injection Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions

Due to the energy crisis and the stringent environmental regulations, diesel engines are offering good hope for automotive vehicles. However, a lot of work is needed to reduce the diesel exhaust emissions and give the way for full utilization of the diesel fuels excellent characteristics.A kind of cetane number improver has been proposed and tested to be used with diesel fuel as ameans of reducing exhaust emissions. The addition of (2-ethylhexyl nitrate) was designed to raise fuel cetane number to three stages, 50, 52 and 55 compared to the used conventional diesel fuel whose CN was 48.5. The addition of CN improver results in the decrease brake specific fuel consumption by about 12.55%, and raise brake thermal efficiency to about 9%. Simultaneously, the emission characteristics of four fuels are determined in a diesel engine. At high loads, a little penalty on CO and HC emissions compared to baseline diesel fuel. NOx emissions of the higher CN fuels are decreased 6%, and CO of these fuels is reduced to about 30.7%. Engine noise reduced with increasing CN to about 10.95%. The results indicate the potential of diesel reformation for clean combustion in diesel engines

Integrated Model for Energy and CO2 Emissions Analysis from Thailand's Long-term Low Carbon Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Plan

AbstractThis paper builds the energy demand and supply model from the bottom-up LEAP software and focus on evaluating and providing insights to the long-term energy and greenhouse gas impact from national energy efficiency and alternative energy plan focus from 2015 to 2036 under the 2010 base year. From the results, the energy demand would increase from 84.77 Mtoe in 2015 to 172.29 Mtoe, or 103.24% in 2036. The greenhouse gas emission would decrease from 503.34 MtCO2 in 2036 by 161 and 116 Mt-CO2 from energy efficiency and alternative energy development plan in 2036, respectively. We also found that this mitigation also impacts to the decrease of grid emission factor from 506 in the BAU to 339 and 140 kgCO2-eq per MWh, respectively due to higher renewable energy sources and imported hydro energy. Policy recommendations to deploy both plans are also raised

EXHAUST ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE OF A SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE RUN ON DUAL FUELS MODE

Generally fossil based fuels are used in internal combustion engines as an energy source. Excessive use of fossil based fuels diminishes present reserves and increases the air pollution in urban areas. This enhances the importance of the effective use of present reserves and/or to develop new alternative fuels, which are environment friendly. Use of alternative fuel is a way of emission control. The term “Alternative Gaseous Fuels” relates to a wide range of fuels that are in the gaseous state at ambient conditions, whether when used on their own or as components of mixtures with other fuels. In this study, a single cylinder diesel engine was modified to use LPG in dual fuel mode to study the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics. The primary fuel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), was mixed with air, compressed, and ignited by a small pilot spray of diesel. Dual fuel engine showed a reduction in oxides of nitrogen in the entire load range. The brake thermal efficiency improved by 3% in dual fuel mode, especially at low load, and also reduced the hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and CO2 emissions

The Emitted Emissions of Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Iraqi Diesel Fuel during Idle Time

Idle emissions of unburnt hydrocarbon (HC), CO, CO2, NOx, particulate matter (PM) and noise were measured from multi cylinder direct injection diesel-fueled engine. The purpose was to evaluate the hazards collateral to operate the engine at idle speed for long periods of time. Experiments were conducted at various speeds (900, 1000, 1200 and 1500 RPM) and for a 20 min period of time. The measurements were taken each 5 min. The results indicate that increasing idle time increased CO, HC, NOx, PM and noise, in the same time reduced CO2 concentration. Increasing idle time deteriorated combustion causing lower CO2 while the other emissions increased highly. Increasing idle speed improved the combustion and reduced CO, HC, PM and noise while increasing CO2 and NOx. Increasing engine speed enhanced combustion resulting in higher CO2 concentration, but it also increases combustion temperatures which resulted in higher NOx

STUDY OF CO AND NOx EMISSIONS OF S.I.E FUELED WITH SUPPLEMENTED HYDROGEN TO GASOLINE

This paper include study of CO and NOx emissions exhausted from single cylinder, 4-stroke S.I. engine, Ricardo E6, with variable compression ratio, spark timing and equivalence ratio, worked by supplementary hydrogen to gasoline. The speed of 25 rps and higher useful compression ratio (HUCR) were chosen in studying the effect of wide range of equivalence ratios and spark timing on CO and NOx emissions submitted from engine. The study showed that exhaust gas emissions depend mainly on equivalence ratio. The higher value of NOx concentrations was in lean side near the stoichiometric equivalence ratio, and reduced when getting far from this ratio. CO concentrations were too small in the lean side, and the effect of equivalence ratio on it was too small in this side also, it increased in the rich side. It was observed that retarding spark timing reduces the NOx concentrations by a large percentage; there was no effect of spark timing on CO concentrations. The effect of speed on NOx concentrations was studied, and it was observed that these emissions became higher at medium speeds and reduced in higher and low speeds, CO concentrations increased with increasing speed also. NOx concentrations increased with increasing hydrogen volumetric ratio in mixture while CO concentrations reduced by this increase

Influence of Fructooligosaccharide on Pharmacokinetics of Isoflavones in Postmenopausal Women

The objective of the present paper was to determine the influence of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on the pharmacokinetics of isoflavones in healthy postmenopausal women. The study was a fixed-sequence, two-phase, crossover study. Twelve subjects received a single oral dose of 300 mL of a soy beverage. Blood samples were collected before the dose and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, and 32 h after the administration of the soy beverage. After a washout period of at least 1 week, subjects were assigned to receive oral doses of FOS, 5 g each time, twice a day (after breakfast and dinner) for 14 days, followed by a single oral dose of the same soy beverage on the next day. Blood samples were then collected at the same time points mentioned previously. Plasma isoflavone concentrations were determined by HPLC. Continuous oral administrations of FOS followed by a single oral administration of soy beverage caused significant increases in Cmax, AUC0–32, and AUC0–∞ of genistein and AUC0–32 of daidzein, comparing to those obtained following a single oral dose of soy beverage alone. Other pharmacokinetic parameters (Tmax and t1/2 of both aglycones and AUC0–∞ of daidzein) between both regimens were not significantly different

STUDY OF PERFORMANCE OF S.I.E. FUELED WITH SUPPLEMENTARY HYDROGEN TO GASOLINE

This paper includes study of performance of single cylinder, 4-stroke spark ignition engine Ricardo E6, with variable compression ratio, spark timing and equivalence ratio, fueled with supplementary hydrogen to gasoline. The speed of 25 rps and higher useful compression ratio were chosen in studying the effect of wide range of equivalence ratios and spark timing. The results showed that HUCR for mixture of two fuels was (9:1). The brake power when operated with gasoline was higher than when it was fueled with hydrogen alone, but when mixing two fuels the brake power increased and became higher than that when working with gasoline to a certain limit (the hydrogen volumetric ratio in the mixture reached 80%), after this limit the brake power reduced by increasing hydrogen volumetric ratio. The equivalence ratio at which the brake power reach its highest value was between (Ø=1-1.1) when mixing the two fuels. The results showed that the engine can work with very lean equivalence ratios with supplementary hydrogen, the indicated thermal efficiency increased also, and the brake specific fuel consumption reduced when hydrogen volumetric ratio increased

Effects of Vitamin D Plus Calcium Supplements on Pharmacokinetics of Isoflavones in Thai Postmenopausal Women

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of vitamin D3 plus calcium supplements (D3-calcium) on pharmacokinetics of isoflavones in Thai postmenopausal women. This study was an open-labeled, randomized three-phase crossover study. Twelve healthy subjects were randomized to receive one of the following regimens: (a) a single dose of isoflavones, (b) a single dose of isoflavones, and D3-calcium, or (c) continuous D3-calcium for 7 days followed by a single dose of isoflavones on the 8th day. After a washout period, subjects were switched to receive the 2 remaining regimens according to their randomized sequences. Blood samples were collected before dose and at specific time points until 32 hours after isoflavone administration. Plasma was treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase to hydrolyze glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of daidzein and genistein. Plasma concentrations of daidzein and genistein were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The estimated pharmacokinetic parameters of isoflavones were time to maximal plasma concentration (Tmax), maximal plasma concentration (Cmax), half-life (t1/2) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC). Tmax of daidzein and genistein after regimen B was significantly longer than that of regimen A. Other pharmacokinetic parameters of daidzein and genistein obtained following the three regimens were not significantly different

Pharmacokinetics of Ganoderic Acids A and F after Oral Administration of Ling Zhi Preparation in Healthy Male Volunteers

The objectives of this paper were to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of ganoderic acids A and F after a single oral dose of the water extract of MG2-strain Ling Zhi (MG2FB-WE) and to assess the influence of food on the pharmacokinetics in 12 healthy male volunteers. This study was a single-dose, open-label, randomized, two-phase crossover study with at least 2 wk washout period. Each subject was randomly assigned to receive a single oral dose of 3,000 mg of MG2FB-WE in granular formulation dissolved in 200 mL of warm water, either under a fasting condition, or immediately after a standard breakfast (fed condition). Blood samples were collected immediately before and at specific time points until 8 h after MG2FB-WE administration. Plasma ganoderic acids A and F concentrations were determined by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetic profile of both ganoderic acids under a fasting condition was characterized by rapid absorption from the gastrointestinal tract (Tmax at approximately 30 min) and a short elimination half-life (<40 min). Food significantly decreased Cmax and delayed Tmax, but did not affect the extent of ganoderic acid A absorption. However, concomitant food intake markedly impeded both rate and extent of ganoderic acid F absorption