163 research outputs found
Consommer de la crevette à Madagascar : l'exemple des marchés d'Antananarivo et Mahajanga
Dans le cadre des travaux de recherche menĂ©s depuis deux ans sur la pĂȘche traditionnelle au PNRC, une attention particuliĂšre a Ă©tĂ© accordĂ©e Ă l'Ă©tude de la filiĂšre de commercialisation et de valorisation des produits. Jusqu'ici le marchĂ© intĂ©rieur a Ă©tĂ© relativement nĂ©gligĂ© dans les diagnostics socio-Ă©conomiques portĂ©s sur la filiĂšre crevettiĂšre. La contribution proposĂ©e ici prĂ©sente les principales conclusions des recherches rĂ©centes menĂ©es au PNRC sur la consommation intĂ©rieure de crevette. Elles dĂ©bouchent sur des estimations, certes ponctuelles dans le temps et dans l'espace, qui remettent en cause la vision passĂ©iste d'un marchĂ© Ă©troit et peu rĂ©munĂ©rateur. Il n'en reste pas moins que le marchĂ© intĂ©rieur devra dĂ©sormais ĂȘtre mieux intĂ©grĂ© dans la reprĂ©sentation que les acteurs privĂ©s et publics se font du secteur crevettier Ă Madagascar. (RĂ©sumĂ© d'auteur
Gérer et valoriser les ressources marines pour lutter contre la pauvreté
RĂ©sumĂ©Dans le sud-ouest de Madagascar, la pĂȘche traditionnelle pratiquĂ©e par la communautĂ© vezo est confrontĂ©e Ă une crise Ă la fois environnementale et de paupĂ©risation. AprĂšs une prĂ©sentation du contexte et des principales caractĂ©ristiques liĂ©s Ă cette activitĂ©, l'auteur interroge la relation entre pauvretĂ© et dĂ©gradation marine et cĂŽtiĂšre. Il souligne la difficultĂ©, pour les pĂȘcheurs, de procĂ©der Ă des amĂ©nagements techniques et institutionnels. L'examen des politiques publiques censĂ©es pallier ces difficultĂ©s rĂ©vĂšle que leur dĂ©marche est, aujourd'hui, plus environnementale que sectorielle. Quelles solutions les communautĂ©s de pĂȘcheurs trouvent-elles pour assurer leur survie ?AbstractIn southwestern Madagascar, the traditional fishing practices of the Vezo must now adjust to a crisis involving both the environment and pauperization. The context and major characteristics of fishing are presented; and questions, raised about the relation between poverty and worsening conditions along the coast and in the sea. Attention is drawn to the difficulty that fishers have of making technical and institutional adjustments. Current public policies for responding to these difficulties are more environmental than sectoral. What solutions can fishing communities find to survive
Approche socio-économique de l'exploitation du milieu aquatique casamançais
En Casamance, jusqu'Ă ces derniĂšres annĂ©es, s'opposent deux types de systĂšme d'exploitation du milieu aquatique : d'une part, en Basse Casamance, les eaux intĂ©rieures sont exploitĂ©es par les Diola, paysans-pĂȘcheurs, au moyen de techniques traditionnelles (nasses, barrages, bassins piscicoles, cueillette des huĂźtres), dans le cadre d'une Ă©conomie domestique. D'autre part, les formes de pĂȘches modernes - que ce soit la pĂȘche au filet dormant en mer ou la pĂȘche Ă la crevette et Ă la senne en Moyenne Casamance ainsi que la filiĂšre du poisson frais et transformĂ© - sont entre les mains de populations originaires des autres rĂ©gions sĂ©nĂ©galaises (Niominka, Toucouleur, Walo-Walo ...). (RĂ©sumĂ© d'auteur
EnquĂȘte sur les petits mĂ©tiers de la pĂȘche en Languedoc-Roussillon
Le programme de recherche POLYPECHE, rĂ©alisĂ© avec le support financier de la Fondation de France, a comme objet principal l'Ă©tude de la polyvalence de la pĂȘche aux petits mĂ©tiers dans la rĂ©gion Languedoc-Roussillon et ses implications en termes de durabilitĂ© et de gestion. Une connaissance actualisĂ©e des formes techniques et organisationnelles de cette polyvalence nous est apparue nĂ©cessaire. L'enquĂȘte prĂ©sentĂ©e ici entend rĂ©pondre Ă ce besoin. Elle a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e d'octobre 2012 Ă janvier 2013 dans l'ensemble des prud'homies de la rĂ©gion auprĂšs d'un Ă©chantillon de patrons pĂȘcheurs. Les questions posĂ©es concernent les moyens humains et matĂ©riels des entreprises individuelles de pĂȘche, les conditions d'accĂšs et de maintien dans la profession, les pratiques de pĂȘche, la perception des patrons pĂȘcheurs sur les milieux exploitĂ©s, leurs ressources, le systĂšme de gestion de l'activitĂ©. Elle a Ă©tĂ© complĂ©tĂ©e par une Ă©tude plus spĂ©cifique sur les conditions d'installation dans la profession de patron pĂȘcheur petits mĂ©tiers. Ce rapport prĂ©sentera dans un premier temps les aspects mĂ©thodologiques de l'enquĂȘte et de son traitement statistique. Les rĂ©sultats d'ensemble seront ensuite prĂ©sentĂ©s et discutĂ©s. Des annexes prĂ©senteront ensuite l'Ă©tude sur les conditions d'installation dans la pĂȘche aux petits mĂ©tiers et enfin les rĂ©sultats obtenus par prud'homie
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A Spatial Bioeconomic Model of West Indian Ocean Tuna Fisheries. Assessing Mpas Relevance for Highly Migratory Species
Indian Ocean Tuna fisheries after a rapid development period from
seventies to the end of the last century are faced with challenges including:
the fishing capacity control, the profitability improvement, and the
limitation of impacts on high seas biodiversity. In this area, tuna species
are exploited by coastal states as well as distant water fishing nations
within and beyond exclusive economic zones (EEZ). This complex system
where countries are exploiter or/and owner of migratory resources is also
subjected to exogenous forcing factors such as: markets (tuna prices, fuel
costs), environment (ENSO effects, climate change), and geopolitical
relationships. A better sharing of the fishing rent between both regional and
distant water fishing countries through counterpart agreements, bargaining
and royalties remains to highlight. It looks also important to assess the
pertinence and impacts of different management options. Among them,
marine protected areas (MPA) implementation within either EEZ or
international waters is currently discussed. The management through
MPAs is expected to limit failures caused by conventional management
tools but it also increases the system complexity because countries that
exploit fish stocks make face diverse interests. We model an area basedmanagement
system that takes into account to biological, economic and
social aspects of tropical tuna fisheries. We shall present and discuss
features of a multi-fleets, multi-gears and multi-species bioeconomic model
applied to Indian Ocean. In this spatial model, economic outcomes
expected to fishing activities by metiers and countries are greatly
dependent on MPA design. Some scenarios depending on MPA
characteristics (size, location, age to protect&) will be also presented and
discussed
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Series of Institutional and Legal Reforms in the Fishery Sector Facing General Governance Crisis, A Malagasy Example
Since the seventies, the Malagasy fishery sector management has been
oriented by three paradigms: development, rationalization (looking for
economic efficiency) and attempts of sustainable development (to reconcile
economic, social and conservation goals). The institutional and legal frame
of the marine sector has been characterized by many transformations linked
to the political history (post colonial State, socialist period, economic
liberalization...), the peculiar role of foreign assistance institutions and
bilateral foreign relationships, the relations between State and private
sector, the beginnings of a political decentralization process, the growing
importance on conservation NGOs and a lasting general governance
crisis&. The fishery sector, which has been for a long time presented as a
dynamic one, mainly in terms of foreign currency earnings, is facing many
challenges and difficulties since the middle of the nineties. This difficulties
are linked to a complex set of factors: dependence from foreign markets,
great poverty in the rural and traditional fishery sector, non competitive
behavior of industrial sector. Such difficulties have lead the fishery sector
to a very critical situation. The collapse of this system of management or of
no management is possible. In this contribution, after a rapid description of
the past dynamics of two representative components of the sector (the
shrimp fishery and the traditional canoe fishery of the Toliara region), we
shall discuss the evolution of the management system, with a particular
emphasis on institutional transformation and legal frame reforms. The
growing importance of the ecological conservation paradigm will be also
examined from different angles. To which extend has it contributed to the
new orientation of the fishery policy? What are the apparent and real stake
holders adherence to more conservative policy orientations? We finally
shall discuss the limits of fishery sector policy sector in a context of
general governance crisis and lasting rural poverty for whom few and
parsimonious solutions are envisaged
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